Wood smoke references

Particle pollution

Wood smoke is particle pollution

Wood smoke health effects

• Arrieta O, Campos-Parra AD, Zuloaga C, Avilés A, Sánchez-Reyes R, Manríquez ME, Covián-Molina E, Martínez-Barrera L, Meneses A, Cardona A, Borbolla-Escoboza JR. Clinical and pathological characteristics, outcome, and mutational profiles regarding non-small-cell lung cancer related to wood smoke exposure. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2012; 7(8):1228–1234.
• American Heart Association. Lovely but dangerous, wood fires bring health risks. American Heart Association News. 2019, Dec 13.
• Awji E, Chand H, Bruse S, Smith K, Colby J, et al. Wood smoke enhances cigarette smoke-induced inflammation by inducing the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor in airway epithelial cells. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2015; 52(3):377.
• Barregard L, Sällsten G, Gustafson P, Andersson L, Johansson L, Basu S, Stingendal L. Experimental exposure to wood-smoke particles in healthy humans: effects on markers of inflammation, coagulation, and lipid peroxidation. Inhalation Toxicology. 2006; 18(11):845–853.
• Beard JD, Beck C, Graham R, Packham SC, Traphagan M, Giles RT, Morgan JG. Winter temperature inversions and emergency department visits for asthma in Salt Lake County, Utah, 2003–2008. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012; 120:1385–1390.
• Bølling AK, Totlandsdal AI, Sallsten G, Braun A, Westerholm R, Bergvall C, Boman J, Dahlman HJ, Sehlstedt M, Cassee F, Sandstrom T, Schwarze PE, Herseth JI. Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell lines. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2012; 9(45).
• Boman C, Forsberg B, Sandström T. Shedding new light on wood smoke: a risk factor for respiratory health, European Respiratory Journal. 2006; 27:446–447.
• Bui DS, Burgess JA, Matheson MC, Erbas B, Perret J, Morrison S. et al.  Ambient wood smoke, traffic pollution and adult asthma prevalence and severity. Respirology. 2013; 18(7):1101–7.
• Chafe Z, Brauer M, Héroux M, Klimont Z, Lanki T, Salonen R, Smith K.  Residential heating with wood and coal: health impacts and policy options in Europe and North America. World Health Organization regional office for Europe. 2015.
• Colyer S. Wood heaters: lung cancer risk equivalent to passive Smoking.  Medical Journal of Australia Insight+. 2021, 9 August; Issue 29.
• Cooper JA. Environmental impact of residential wood combustion emissions and its implications. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. 1980; (30)8:855–861.
• Corsini E, Budello S, Marabini L, Galbiati V, Piazzalunga A, et al. Comparison of wood smoke PM2.5 obtained from the combustion of fir and beech pellets on inflammation and DNA damage in A549 and Thp-1 human cell lines. Archives of Toxicology. 2013; 87(12):2187–2199.
• Corsini E, Vecchi R, Marabini L, Fermo P, Becagli S, Bernardoni V, Caruso D, Corbella L, Dell'Acqua M, Galli CL, Lonati G, Ozgen S, Papale A, Signorini S, Tardivo R, Valli G, Marinovich M. The chemical composition of ultrafine particles and associated biological effects at an alpine town impacted by wood burning. The Science of the Total Environment. 2017; 587–588:223–231.
• Cupitt L, Glen W,  Lewtas J. Exposure and risk from ambient particle-bound pollution in an airshed dominated by residential wood combustion and mobile sources. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1994; 102(Suppl 4):75–84.
• Danielsen P, Loft S, Kocbach A, Schwarze P, Møller P. Oxidative damage to DNA and repair induced by Norwegian wood smoke particles in Human A549 and Thp-1 cell lines. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2009; 674(1):116–122.
• Danielsen PH, Møller P, Jensen KA, Sharma AK, Wallin H, Bossi R, Autrup H, Mølhave L, Ravanat JL, Briedé JJ, de Kok TM, Loft S. Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation induced by ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Chemical Research in Toxicology.  2011; 24(2):168–84.
• Delgado J, Martinez L, Sánchez T, Ramirez A, Iturria C, et al. Lung cancer pathogenesis associated with wood smoke exposure. Chest. 2005; 128(1):124–131.
• Dellinger B, D’Alessio A, D’Anna A, Ciajolo A, Gullett B, et al. Report: combustion byproducts and their health effects: summary of the 10th international congress. Environmental Engineering Science. 2008; 25(8):1107–1114.
• Díaz-Robles L, Fu J, Vergara-Fernandez A, Etcharren P, Schiappacasse L, et al. Health risks caused by short term exposure to ultrafine particles generated by residential wood combustion: a case study of Temuco, Chile. Environment International. 2014; 66:174–181.
• Díaz-Robles L, Cortés S, Vergara-Fernández A, Ortega JC. Short term health effects of particulate matter: a comparison between wood smoke and multi-source polluted urban areas in Chile. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2015; 15:306–318.
• Duffney PF, McCarthy CE, Hsiao H, Thatcher TH, Phipps R, Sime PJ. Wood Smoke exposure induces inflammatory mediator production in human lung fibroblasts in vitro. A62. Lung Fibrosis: Fibroblast Biology. 2014; A2028-A2028
• Elliott C, Copes R. Burden of mortality due to ambient fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) in interior and northern BC. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2011; 102(5):390–3.
• Forchhammer L, Loft S, Roursgaard M, Cao Y, Riddervold I, et al. Expression of adhesion molecules, monocyte interactions and oxidative stress in human endothelial cells exposed to wood smoke and diesel exhaust particulate matter. Toxicology Letters. 2012; 209(2):121–128.
• Fuller G. The Invisible Killer: The Rising Global Threat of Air Pollution—And How We Can Fight Back. Melville House Books. 2019.
• Fuller G. Indoor wood burning raises women’s lung cancer risk by 43%, says US study. The Guardian. 2023, October 6.
• Gan W, FitzGerald J, Carlsten C, Sadatsafavi, M, Brauer, M. Associations of ambient air pollution with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalization and mortality. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2013; 187(7):721.
• Ghio A, Soukup J, Case M, Dailey L, Richards J, et al. Exposure to wood smoke particles produces inflammation in healthy volunteers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2012; 69(3):170–175.
• Gonzalez-Avila G, Delgado J, Mendoza-Posada D, Sommer B, Ramos C, et al. Differences in plasma MMPs and TIMPs protein expression and chemotherapy response in patients with tobacco- or wood-smoke-induced lung cancer. Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2013; 85(4):281.
• Gunbatar H, Sertogullarindan B, Ozbay B, Avcu S, Bulut G, et al. Chronic effects of environmental biomass smoke on lung histopathology in Turkish non-smoking women: a case series. Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju. 2012; 63(3):357.
• Guzmán-Grenfell A, Nieto-Velázquez N, Torres-Ramos Y, Montoya-Estrada A, Ramírez-Venegas A, et al. Increased platelet and erythrocyte arginase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with tobacco or wood smoke exposure. Journal of Investigative Medicine : The Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 2011; 59(3):587.
• Harvard T.C. Chan School of Public Health. Air pollution below EPA standards linked with higher death rates [Press release]. 2015, June 3. Retrieved from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu.
• Hosgood HD, Boffetta P, Greenland S, Yuan-Chin AL, McLaughlin J., et al. In-home coal and wood use and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis of the international lung cancer consortium. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2010; 118(12):1743.
• Ihantola T, Di Bucchianico S, Happo M, Ihalainen M, Uski O, et al. Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2020; 17(1):27.
• Johnston FH, Hanigan IC, Henderson SB, Morgan GG. Evaluation of interventions to reduce air pollution from biomass smoke on mortality in Launceston, Australia: retrospective analysis of daily mortality, 1994-2007. BMJ. 2013; 346:e8446.
• Johnston F, Porta Cubas A, Workman A, Morgan G, Abramson M, Green D, Cooper N, Tham R, Lodge C, Cartwright A, and Zosky G. Reducing the health impacts of wood heaters in Australia: Policy implications (PDF). Position paper for the Centre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research (CAR). 2021, August.
• Johnson PRS. Adverse health effects, exposure threats and regulatory challenges relating to outdoor wood boilers and residential wood combustion. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 2011; 8–12.
• Korsiak J, Perepeluk KL, Peterson NG, Kulka R, Weichenthal S. Air pollution and retinal vessel diameter and blood pressure in school-aged children in a region impacted by residential biomass burning. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11:12790
• Krall JR, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Balachandran S, Winquist A, et al. Associations between source-specific fine particulate matter and emergency department visits for respiratory disease in four US cities. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016; Advance Publication.
• Krapf M, Künzi L, Allenbach S, Bruns EA, Gavarini I, El-Haddad I, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH, Drinovec L, et al. Wood combustion particles induce adverse effects to normal and diseased airway epithelia. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 2017; Issue 4.
• Lachocki TM, Church DF, Pryor WA. Persistent free radicals in woodsmoke: an ESR spin trapping study. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1989; 7(1):17–21.
• Lal K, Dutta K, Vachhrajani K, Gupta, G, Srivastava A. Histomorphological changes in lung of rats following exposure to wood smoke. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1993; 31(9):761.
• Larson T, Koenig J. Wood smoke: emissions and noncancer respiratory effects.  Annual Review of Public Health. 1994; 15:133–156.
• Le GE, Breysse PN, McDermott A, Eftim SE, Geyh A, Berman JD, Curriero FC. Canadian forest fires and the effects of long-range transboundary air pollution on hospitalizations among the elderly. International Journal of Geo-Information.  2014; 3(2):713–731.
• Leonard S, Wang S, Shi X, Jordan B, Castranova V, et al. Wood smoke particles generate free radicals and cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NFκB activation and TNF-α release in macrophages. Toxicology. 2000; 150(1):147–157.
• Marabini L, Ozgen S, Turacchi S, Aminti S, Arnaboldi F, Lonati G, et al. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) from domestic wood stoves: genotoxicity in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2017; 820:39–46.
• McGill University. Woodstoves are Good For the Soul, Bad for the Heart. [Press release]. 2017, February 27.
• Mehta M. Blame wood-burning stoves for winter air pollution and health threats. The Conversation.  2019, March 7.
• Mehta SS, Hodgson ME, Lunn RM, Ashley CE, Arroyave WD, Sandler DP, White AJ. Indoor wood-burning from stoves and fireplaces and incident lung cancer among Sister Study participants. Environment International. 2023; 178:108128.
• Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania. Reduction in air pollution from wood heaters associated with reduced risk of death. [Press release.] 2013, January 8.
• Meunier A. Wood burning creates top cancer risk in Oregon's air, EPA says. The Oregonian. 2009, July 9.
• Migliaccio CT, Kobos E, King QO, Porter V, Jessop F, Ward T. Adverse effects of wood smoke on PM2.5 exposure on macrophage functions. Inhalation Toxicology. 2013; 25(2):67–76.
• Montes de Oca M, Zabert G, Moreno D, Laucho-Contreras M, Lopez Varela MV, Surmont F. Smoke, biomass exposure, and COPD risk in the primary care setting: the PUMA Study. Respiratory Care. 2017; 62(8):1058–1066.
• Moreira MA, Barbosa MA, Jardim JR, Queiroz MC, Inácio LU. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women exposed to wood stove smoke. Journal of the Brazilian Medical Association (Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira). 2013; 59(6):607–613.
• Naeher L, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff JT, Simpson CD, Koenig JQ, Smith K.  Woodsmoke health effects: a review. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19:67–109.
• Nagappan A, Park SB, Lee S-J, Moon Y. Mechanistic implications of biomass-derived particulate matter for immunity and immune disorders. Toxics. 2021; 9(2):18.
• Numan M, Brown J, Michou L. Impact of air pollutants on oxidative stress in common autophagy-mediated aging diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(2):2289.
• Orozco-Levi M, Garcia-Aymerich J, Villar J, Ramírez-Sarmiento A, Antó JM, Gea J. Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal. 2006; 27:542–546.
• Orru H, Olstrup H, Kukkonen J, López-Aparicio S, Segersson D, Geels C, Tamm T, Riikonen K, Maragkidou A, Sigsgaard T, Brandt J, Grythe H, Forsberg B. Health impacts of PM_2.5 originating from residential wood combustion in four nordic cities. BMC Public Health. 2022; 22(1):1286.
• Oudin A, Segersson D, Adolfsson R, Forsberg B. Association between air pollution from residential wood burning and dementia incidence in a longitudinal study in northern Sweden. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(6):e0198283.
• Pardo M, Li C, He Q, Levin-Zaidman S, Tsoory M, Yu Q, Wang X, Rudich Y. Mechanisms of lung toxicity induced by biomass burning aerosols. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2020; 17(1):4.
• Phair R. Wood heaters: the cosy killers. VicDoc (magazine of Australian Medical Association Victoria).  2020, Sept.
• Pierson WE, Koenig JQ, Bardana EJ Jr. Potential adverse health effects of wood smoke. Western Journal of Medicine. 1989; 151(3):339–342.
• Pintos J, Franco E, Kowalski L, Oliveira B, Curado M. Use of wood stoves and risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract: a case-control study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998; 27(6):936–940.
• Rao C, Qin C, Robison Jr W, Zigler Jr J. Effect of smoke condensate on the physiological integrity and morphology of organ cultured rat lenses. Current Eye Research. 1995; 14(4):295.
• Ramage JE, Roggli VL, Bell DY, Piantadosi CA. Interstitial lung disease and domestic wood burning. American Review of Respiratory Disease.  1988; 137(5):1229-1232.
• Roberts JM, Veres PR, Cochran AK, Warneke C, Burling IR, Yokelson RJ, Lerner B, Gillman JB, Kuster WC, Fall R, de Gouw J. Isocyanic acid in the atmosphere and its possible link to smoke-related health effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2011; 108(22):8966–8971.
• Robinson DL, Horsley JA, Johnston FH, Morgan GG. The effects on mortality and the associated financial costs of wood heater pollution in a regional Australian city. Medical Journal of Australia. 2021; 215(6):269-272.
• Robinson DL. Composition and oxidative potential of PM2.5 pollution and health. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2017; 9(3):444–447.
• Samuelsen M, Nygaard UC, Løvik M. Allergy adjuvant effect of particles from wood smoke and road traffic. Toxicology. 2008; 246(2–3):124–131.
• Sanhueza P, Torreblanca M, Diaz-Robles L, Schiappacasse L, Silva M, et al. Particulate air pollution and health effects for cardiovascular and respiratory causes in Temuco, Chile: a wood-smoke-polluted urban area. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2009; 59(12):1481.
• Sankaranarayanan L, Semmens E, Noonan C, Ward, T. Urinary levoglucosan as a biomarker for residential wood smoke exposure. International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry. 2015; 96(2):137–147.
• Sarigiannis D, Karakitsios S, Zikopoulos D, Nikolaki S, Kermenidou M. Lung cancer risk from PAHs emitted from biomass combustion. Environmental Research. 2015; 137:147–156.
• Schnelle-Kreis J, Küpper U, Sklorz M, Cyrys J, Briedé JJ, Peters A, Zimmermann R. Daily measurement of organic compounds in ambient particulate matter in Augsburg, Germany: new aspects on aerosol sources and aerosol related health effects. Biomarkers.  2009; 14, Issue Sup 1.
• Schreuder AB, Larson TV, Sheppard L, Claiborn, CS. Ambient woodsmoke and associated respiratory emergency department visits in Spokane, Washington. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2006; 12(2):147–153.
• Schuller A, Montrose L. Influence of woodsmoke exposure on molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s Disease: existing literature and gaps in our Understanding. Epigenetic Insights. 2020; 13:2516865720954873.
• Segersson D, Eneroth K, Gidhagen L, Johansson C, Omstedt G, Nylén AE, Forsberg B. Health impact of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon exposure due to different source sectors in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, Sweden. Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):742.
• Setton EM, Veerman B,  Erickson A, Deschenes S, Cheasley R, Poplawski K, Demers P, Keller CP. Identifying potential exposure reduction priorities using regional rankings based on emissions of known and suspected carcinogens to outdoor air in Canada. Environmental Health. 2015; 14:69.
• Sigari N, Moghimi N, Shahraki FS, Mohammadi S, Roshani D. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) ntibody in patients with wood-smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology International. 2015; 35(1):85–91.
• Simkhovich BZ, Kleinman MT, Kloner RA. Air pollution and cardiovascular injury: epidemiology, toxicology and mechanisms. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008; 52(9).
• Soca-Chafre G, Hernández-Pedro N, Aviles-Salas A, Alaez Versón C, et al. Targeted next generation sequencing identified a high frequency genetic mutated profile in wood smoke exposure-related lung adenocarcinoma patients. Oncotarget. 2018; 9:30499–30512.
• Solleiro-Villavicencio, H, Quintana-Carrillo, R, Falfán-Valencia, R, Vargas-Rojas MI. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease induced by exposure to biomass smoke is associated with a Th2 cytokine production profile. Clinical Immunology. 2015; 161(2):150–156.
• Sood A, Petersen H, Blanchette CM, Meek P, Picchi MA, Belinsky SA, Tesfaigzi Y. Wood smoke exposure and gene promoter methylation are associated with increased risk for COPD in smokers, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2010; 182(9):1098–1104.
• Stabile L, Buonanno G, Avino P, Frattolillo A, Guerriero E. Indoor exposure to particles emitted by biomass-burning heating systems and evaluation of dose and lung cancer risk received by population. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 235:65–73.
• Stockfelt L, Sallsten G, Olin AC, Almerud P, Samuelsson L, Johannesson S, Molnar P, Strandberg B, Almstrand AC, Bergemalm-Rynell K, Barregard L. Effects on airways of short-term exposure to two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study of healthy humans. Inhalation Toxicology. 2012; 24(1):47–59.
• Tapanainen M, Jalava P, Maeki-Paakkanen J, Hakulinen P, Happo M, et al. In vitro immunotoxic and genotoxic activities of particles emitted from two different small-scale wood combustion appliances. Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(40):7546–7554.
• Tesfaigzi Y, Awji E. Comparison of wood smoke and cigarette smoke in causing chronic mucous hypersecretion. European Respiratory Journal.  2016; 48:PA4268
• Tesfaigzi Y, Singh SP, Foster JE, Kubatko J, Barr EB, Fine PM, McDonald JD, Hahn FF, Mauderly  JL. Health effects of subchronic exposure to low levels of wood smoke in rats. Toxicological Sciences. 2002; 65:115–125.
• Torres-Duque CA, García-Rodriguez MC, González-García M. Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by wood smoke a different phenotype or a different entity? Archivos de Bronconeumología. 2016; 52:425–431.
• Unosson J, Blomberg A, Sandstrom T, Muala A, Boman C, et al. Exposure to wood smoke increases arterial stiffness and decreases heart rate variability in humans. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2013; 10(1):20.
• Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment. Report on the Health Consequences of Wood Smoke. 2015.
• Wanniarachige D. Where there’s smoke, there’s respiratory risk. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2015; 187(3):E93-E94.
• Weichenthal S, Kulka R, Lavigne E, van Rijswijk D, Brauer M, Villeneuve PJ, Stieb D, Joseph L, Burnett RT. Biomass burning as a source of ambient fine particulate air pollution and acute myocardial infarction. Epidemiology. 2017; 28(3):329-337.
• Weinhold B. The heart of toxicity: details of cardiovascular damage uncovered. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005; 113(4):A254–A255.
• White AJ, Sandler DP. Indoor wood-burning stove and fireplace use and breast cancer in a prospective cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2017; 125(7):077011.
• Wu C, Wu S, Wu Y, Cullen AC, Larson TV, Williamson J, Liu LS. Cancer risk assessment of selected hazardous air pollutants in Seattle. Environment International.  2008; 35:516–522.
• Yap P, Garcia C. Effectiveness of residential wood-burning regulation on decreasing particulate matter levels and hospitalizations in the San Joaquin Valley air basin. American Journal of Public Health. 2015; 105(4):772–778.
• Zelikoff J, Chen L, Cohen M, Schlesinger R. The toxicology of inhaled woodsmoke. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews. 2002; 5(3):269–282.

Children and wood smoke

• Abusalah A, Gavana M, Haidich A, Smyrnakis E, Papadakis N, et al. Low birth weight and prenatal exposure to indoor pollution from tobacco smoke and wood fuel smoke: a matched case–control study in Gaza Strip. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2012; 16(8):1718–1727.
• Allen JL, Conrad K, Oberdörster G, Johnston CJ, Sleezer B, Cory-Slechta DA. Developmental exposure to concentrated ambient particles and preference for immediate reward in mice. Environmental Health Perspectives.  2013; 121(1):32–38.
• Amegah A, Quansah R, Jaakkola J. Household air pollution from solid fuel use and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence: A113920. PLoS One. 2014; 9(12):e113920.
• American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Ambient air pollution: health hazards to children. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(6):1699–1707.
• Assibey-Mensah V, Glantz JC, Hopke PK, Jusko TA, Thevenet-Morrison K, et al. Ambient wintertime particulate air pollution and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Monroe County, New York. Environmental Research. 2019; 168:25–31.
• Backes C, Nelin T, Gorr M, Wold L. Early life exposure to air pollution: how bad is it? Toxicology Letters. 2013; 216(1):47–53.
• Bailey H, de Klerk N, Fritschi L, Attia J, Daubenton J, et al. Refuelling of vehicles, the use of wood burners and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood: petrol refuelling, wood burning and childhood ALL. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2011; 25(6):528–539.
• Balakrishna S, Saravia J, Thevenot P, Ahlert T, Lominiki S, Dellinger B, Cormier S. Environmentally persistent free radicals induce airways hyperresponsiveness in neonatal rat lungs. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2011; 8:11.
• Balidemaj F, Flanagan E, Malmqvist E, Rittner R, Källén K, Åström DO, Oudin A. Prenatal exposure to locally emitted air pollutants is associated with birth weight: an administrative cohort study from southern Sweden. Toxics. 2022; 10(7):366.
• Bates DV. The effects of air pollution on children. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995; 103(Suppl 6):49–53.
• Bell ML, Belanger K, Ebisu K, Gent JF, Leaderer BP. Relationship between birth weight and exposure to airborne fine particulate potassium and titanium during gestation. Environmental Research. 2012; 117:83–89.
• Bocskay K, Tang D, Orjuela M, Liu X, Warburton D, Perera F. Chromosomal aberrations in cord blood are associated with prenatal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2005; 14(2):506–511
• Bongaerts E, Lecante L, Bové H, Roeffaers MBJ, Ameloot M, Fowler PA, Nawrot TS. Maternal exposure to ambient black carbon particles and their presence in maternal and fetal circulation and organs: an analysis of two independent population-based observational studies. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2022; 6:e804–11.
• Bulkow L, Singleton R, DeByle C, Miernyk K, Redding G, et al. Risk factors for hospitalization with lower respiratory tract infections in children in rural Alaska. Pediatrics. 2012; 129(5):e1220–e1227.
• Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Solt A, Henríquez-Roldán C, Torres-Jardón R, Nuse B, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure Is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid β-42 and α-synuclein in children and young adults. Toxicologic Pathology.  2008; 36(2):289–310.
• Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Franco-Lira M, Mora-Tiscareno A, Medina-Cortina H, Torres-Jardon R, et al. Early Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s disease pathology in urban children: friend versus foe responses — it is time to face the evidence. BioMed Research International. 2013; 161687.
• Choi H, Rauh V, Garfinkel R, Tu Y, Perera FP. Prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of intrauterine growth restriction. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2008; 116(5):658–665.
• Choi H, Wang L, Lin X, Spengler J, Perera F. Fetal window of vulnerability to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on proportional intrauterine growth restriction. PloS One. 2012; 7(4):e35464.
• Clemens T, Turner S, Dibben C. Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and fetal growth in North-East Scotland: a population-based study using routine ultrasound scans. Environmental International. 2017; 107:216–226.
• Dadvand P, Parker J, Bell ML, Bonzini M, Brauer M, et al.  Maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and term birth weight: a multi-country evaluation of effect and heterogeneity. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2013; 121(3):267–373.
• Daniel A, Shah H, Kamath A, Guddettu V, Joseph B. Environmental tobacco and wood smoke increase the risk of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2012; 470(9):2369–2375.
• Dean B, Lopez G, Krenzelok E. Environmentally-induced methemoglobinemia in an infant. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1992; 30(1):127–133.
• DeFranco E, Moravec W, Xu F, Hall E, Hossain M, et al. Exposure to airborne particulate matter during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth: a population-based cohort study. Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source. 2016; 15(1):6.
• Dejmek J, Solansky I, Beneŝ I, Leníček J, Ŝrám R. The impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fine particles on pregnancy outcome. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000; 108(12):1159–1164.
• Erlandsson L, Lindgren R, Nääv Å, Krais AM, Strandberg B, Lundh T, Boman C, Isaxon C, Hansson SR, Malmqvist E. Exposure to wood smoke particles leads to inflammation, disrupted proliferation and damage to cellular structures in a human first trimester trophoblast cell line. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 264:114790.
• Flanagan E, Malmqvist E, Rittner R. et al. Exposure to local, source-specific ambient air pollution during pregnancy and autism in children: a cohort study from southern Sweden. Scientific Reports. 2023; 13:3848.
• Fleisch AF, Seshasayee SM, Garshick E, Chipman JW, Koutrakis P, Baker ER, Karagas MR. Assessment of maternal glycemia and newborn size among pregnant women who use wood stoves in northern New England. JAMA Network Open. 2020 May 28; 3(5):e206046.
• Fonken L, Xu X, Weil Z, Chen G, Sun Q, et al. Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology. Molecular Psychiatry.  2011; 16(10):987.
• Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F, Vora H, Thomas D, Berhane K, McConnell R, Kuenzli N, Lurmann F, Rappaport E, Margolis H, Bates D, Peters J. The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351(11):1057–67.
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Wood smoke is toxic pollution

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• Williams R, Knibbs L. Daily personal exposure to black carbon: A pilot study. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 132:296–299.
• Wang Q, Xue Y. Characterization of solid tumors induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mice. Medical Science Monitor Basic Research. 2015; 21:81–85.
• Wu CY, Cabrera-Rivera O, Dettling J, Asselmeier D, McGeen D, Ostrander A, Lax J, et al. An assessment of benzo(a)pyrene air emissions in the Great Lakes region. US EPA.

The real cost of wood burning

Residential wood burning

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• Bergauff M, Ward TJ, Noonan CW, Palmer CP. The effect of a woodstove changeout on ambient levels of PM2.5 and chemical tracers for woodsmoke in Libby, Montana. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(18), 2938–2943.
• Burkhard E. Introduction to special issue on residential wood combustion. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:617–618.
• Calabrese M, Quarantotto M, Cantaluppi C, Fasson A, Bogoni P. Quality characteristics and radioactive contamination of wood pellet imported in Italy. Open Journal of Applied Sciences. 2015; 5:183-19.
• Caracci E, Canale L, Buonanno G, Stabile L. Sub-micron particle number emission from residential heating systems: A comparison between conventional and condensing boilers fueled by natural gas and liquid petroleum gas, and pellet stoves. Science of the Total Environment. 2022; 827:154288.
• Carrington D. ‘Eco’ wood stoves emit 750 times more pollution than an HGV, study shows. The Guardian. 2021, October 9.
• Castro A, Calvo AI, Blanco-Alegre C, Oduber F, Alves C, et al. Impact of the wood combustion in an open fireplace on the air quality of a living room: estimation of the respirable fraction. Science of the Total Environment. 2018; 628–629, 169–176.
• Chakraborty R, Heydon J, Mayfield M, Mihaylova L. Indoor air pollution from residential stoves: examining the flooding of particulate matter into homes during real-world use. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(12):1326.
• Cuff D. Fireplace replacement rebates snapped up in a day. The Mercury News. 2016, August 29.
• Danish Ecological Council. Pollution from Residential Burning: Danish Experience in an International Perspective. 2016. (PDF download)
• Desideri D, Rongoni A, Roselli C, Saetta D, Feduzi L. Analytical methods for the determination of 137Cs and 9Sr in ash of fuel pellets used in Italy. Microchemical Journal. 2012; 103:131–134.
• Eriksson AC, Nordin EZ, Nyström R, Pettersson E, Swietlicki E, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Boman C, Pagels JH. Particulate PAH emissions from residential biomass combustion: time-resolved analysis with aerosol mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; 48:7143−7150.
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• Fisher L, Houck J, Tiegs P, McGaughey J. Long-term performance of EPA-certified phase 2 woodstoves, Klamath Falls and Portland, Oregon. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2000.
• Forcey T. The cheapest way to heat your home with renewable energy—just flick a switch. The Conversation. 2015, Sept 6.
• Happo M, Uski O, Jalava P, Kelz J, Brunner T, Hakulinen P, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Kosma V, et al. Pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage in the mouse lung after exposure to PM samples from biomass heating appliances of old and modern technologies. Science of The Total Envirnoment. 2013; 443:256–266.
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• Houck JE, Pitzman LY, Tiegs P. Emission factors for new certified residential wood heaters. Presented at the 17th International Emission Inventory Conference, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008.
• Houck JE. Efficiency: pick a number, any number. Hearth and Home. 2009, March; 148.
• Houck, JE. Straight talk. Hearth and Home. 2017, May; 38–45.
• Johnston FH, Hanigan IC, Henderson SB, Morgan GG. Evaluation of interventions to reduce air pollution from biomass smoke on mortality in Launceston, Australia: retrospective analysis of daily mortality, 1994-2007. BMJ. 2013; 346:e8446.
  
• Knickmeyer E. Coughing neighbors make Bay Area rethink outdoor cooking. The Mercury News. 2015, January 19.
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• Lindberg J, Vitillo N, Wurth M, Frank BP, Tang S, LaDuke G, Mason Fritz P, Trojanowski R, Butcher T, Mahajan D. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 2: Particle number and size, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; 72(7):762–776.
• Marin A, Rector L, Morin B, Allen G. Residential wood heating: An overview of U.S. impacts and regulations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:619–628.
• Meyer CP, Luhar A, Gillett R, Keywoods M. Measurement of real-world PM10 emission factors and emission profiles from woodheaters by in situ source monitoring and atmospheric verification methods. Final Report of Clean Air Research Project 16 for Australian Commonwealth Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts. 2008.
• Morin B, Allen G, Marin A, Rector L, Ahmadi M. Impacts of wood species and moisture content on emissions from residential wood heaters, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:647–661.
• Multnomah County. Just how harmful is that backyard fire? What our air quality expert found will alarm you. 2022, May 5.
• Nalin F, Golly B, Bescombes J, Pelletier C, Aujay-Plouzeau R, Verlhac S, et al. Fast oxidation processes from emission to ambient air introduction of aerosol emitted by residential log wood stoves. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 143:15–26.
• Newsham J. As electricity costs rise, market for heat pumps takes off. Boston Globe. 2014, October 6.
• Noonan C, Navidi W, Sheppard L, Palmer C, Bergauff M, et al. Residential indoor PM2.5 in wood stove homes: follow-up of the Libby changeout program.  Indoor Air. 2012; 22(6):492–500.
• Olsen Y, Klenø Nøjgaard J, Rørdam Olesen H, Brandt J, Sigsgaard T, Pryor SC, Ancelet T, del Mar Viana M, Querol X, Hertel O. Emissions and source allocation of carbonaceous air pollutants from wood stoves in developed countries: A review. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020; (11)2:234-251
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• Pillarisetti A, Ma R, Buyan M, Nanzad B, Argo Y, Yang X, Smith KR. Advanced household heat pumps for air pollution control: A pilot field study in Ulaanbaatar, the coldest capital city in the world. Environmental Research. 2019; 176:108381.
• Press-Kristensen K, Tolotto M. Where there’s fire, there’s smoke: Emissions from domestic heating with wood. European Environmental Bureau and Green Transition Denmark. 2021.
• Purvis CR, McCrillis RC, Kariher PH. Fine particulate matter (PM) and organic speciation of fireplace emissions. Environmental Science and Technology. 2000; 34(9):1653-1658.
• Rector LR, Allen G, Hopke PK, Chandrasekaran SR, Lin L. Elemental analysis of wood fuels. Report prepared by NESCAUM for New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. 2013.
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• Robinson DL. What makes a successful woodsmoke-reduction program?Air Quality and Climate Change. 2016; 50(3):20–28.
• Robinson DL. Woodsmoke: regulatory failure is damaging public health. Air Quality and Climate Change. 2014; 48(4):53–63.
• Ruskin L. and Holden, E. Natural but deadly: huge gaps in US rules for wood-stove smoke exposed. The Guardian. 2021, March 17.
• Salthammer T, Schripp T, Wientzek S, Wensing M. Impact of operating wood-burning fireplace ovens on indoor air quality. Chemosphere. 2014; 103:205-211.
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• Skreiberg Ø, Karlsvik E, Hustad J, Sønju O. Round robin test of a wood stove: the influence of standards, test procedures and calculation procedures on the emission level. Biomass and Bioenergy. 1997; 12(6):439–452.
• Söderberg T, Johansson A, Gref R. Toxic effects of some conifer resin acids and tea tree oil on human epithelial and fibroblast cells. Toxicology. 1996; 107(2):99–109.
• Stabile L, Buonanno G, Avino P, Frattolillo A, Guerriero E. Indoor exposure to particles emitted by biomass-burning heating systems and evaluation of dose and lung cancer risk ceceived by population. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 235:65–73.
• Tissari J, Lyyränen J, Hytönen K, Sippula O, Tapper U, Frey A, Saamio K. Pennanen AS, et al. Fine particle and gaseous emissions from normal and smouldering wood combustion in a conventional masonry heater. Atmospheric Environmnet. 2008; 42(34):7862–7873.
• Toscano G, Duca D, Amato A, Pizzi A. Emission from realistic utilization of wood pellet stove. Energy. 2014; 68:644–650.
• Toscano G, Riva G, Foppa Pedretti E, Corinaldesi F, Mengarelli C, Duca D. Investigation on wood pellet quality and relationship between ash content and the most important chemical elements. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2013; 56:317–322.
• Trojanowski R., Fthenakis V. Nanoparticle emissions from residential wood combustion: A critical literature review, characterization, and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 103:515–528.
• Trojanowski R, Lindberg J, Butcher T, Fthenakis V. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 1: Particulate and gaseous emissions, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; 72(7):738–761.
• United States EPA Office of Inspector General. Report: The EPA’s residential wood heater program does not provide reasonable assurance that heaters are properly tested and certified before reaching consumers. 2023, February 28; Report #23-E-0012.
• Uski OJ, Jalava P, Happo MS, Leskinen J, Sippula O, Tissari J, Mäki-Paakkanen J, et al. Different toxic mechanisms are activated by emission PM depending on combustion efficiency. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 89:623–632.
• Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment. Report on the Health Consequences of Wood Smoke. 2015.
• Venturini E, Vassura I, Zanetti C, Pizzi A, Toscano G, Passarini F. Evaluation of non-steady state condition contribution to the total emissions of residential wood pellet stove. Energy. 2015; 88:650–657.
• Vicente ED and Alves, CA. An overview of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion, Atmospheric Research. 2018; 199:159-185.
• Vicente ED, Vicente AM, Evtyugina M, Oduber FI, Amato F, Querol X, Alves C. Impact of wood combustion on indoor air quality. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 705:135769.
• Ward T, Palmer C, Noonan C. Fine particulate matter source apportionment following a large woodstove changeout program in Libby, Montana. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 2010; 60(6):688.
• Ward T, Palmer C, Bergauff M, Jayanty R, Noonan C. Organic/elemental carbon and woodsmoke tracer concentrations following a community wide woodstove changeout program. Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(31):5554–5560.
• Ward T, Palmer CP, Hooper K, Bergauff M, Noonan CW. The impact of a community-wide woodstove changeout intervention on air quality within two schools. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4:238–244.
• Win KM, Persson T, Bales C. Particles and Gaseous Emissions from Realistic Operation of Residential Wood Pellet Heating Systems. Atmospheric Environment. 2012; 59:320–327.
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Wood-burning restaurants

• Ahmed MT, Hadi EA, El Samahy S, Youssof K. The influence of baking fuel on residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in bread. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2000; 80(1–3):1–8.
• Akpambang V, Purcaro G, Lajide L, Amoo I, Conte L, et al. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commonly consumed Nigerian smoked/grilled fish and meat. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2009; 26(7):1096–1103.
• Anderson KE, Sinha R, Kulldorff M, Gross M, Lang NP, Barber C, Harnack L, et al. Meat intake and cooking techniques: associations with pancreatic cancer. Mutation Research/Fundamental Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2002; 506–507:225–231.
• Badyda AJ, Widziewicz K, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Majewski G, Jureczko I. Inhalation exposure to PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons released from barbecue grills powered by gas, lump charcoal, and charcoal briquettes. In: Pokorski M. (eds) Pulmonary disorders and therapy. advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2017; 1023:11-27.
• Bergomi A, Morreale C, Fermo P, Migliavacca G. Determination of pollutant emissions from wood-fired pizza ovens, Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2022; 92:499–504.
• Buonanno G, Morawska L, Stabile L, Viola A. Exposure to particle number, surface area and PM concentrations in pizzerias. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(32):3963–3969.
• City of Cambridge Public Health Department. Order Regarding Use of Solid Fuel (Wood and Charcoal) as a Cooking Source at Shepard Restaurant and Bar [press release via web archive]. 2017, June 19.
• Chen J, Wang S, Hsieh D, Yang H, Lee H. Carcinogenic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for back-door neighbors of restaurants with cooking emissions. Science of the Total Environment. 2012; 417–418:68–75.
• Cleveland Clinic. Are smoked meats bad for your health? 2022 March 4.
• Conti K. Neighbors clash over Cambridge restaurant’s smoke. The Boston Globe. 2017, 15 May.
• Conti K. Following complaints, Cambridge restaurant ordered to stop cooking with charcoal and wood. The Boston Globe. 2017, 19 June.
• Daniel CR, Schwartz KL, Colt JS, Dong LM, Ruterbusch JJ, et al. Meat-cooking mutagens and risk of renal cell carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer. 2011; 105:1096–1104.
• Farhadian A, Jinap S, Abas F, Sakar Z. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat. Food Control. 2010; 21(5):606–610.
• Fritz W, Soós, K. Smoked food and cancer. Bibliotheca Nutritio Et Dieta. 1980; 57–64.
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• Jedrychowski W, Perera F, Tang D, Stigter L, Mroz E, et al. Impact of barbecued meat consumed in pregnancy on birth outcomes accounting for personal prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: birth cohort study in Poland. Nutrition. 2012; 28(4):372–377.
• Kabir E, Kim K, Ahn J. Hong O, Sohn JR. Barbecue charcoal combustion as a potential source of aromatic volatile organic compounds and carbonyls. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 174(1–3):492–499.
• Kumar P, Andrade MF, Ynoue RY, Fornaro A, Dias de Freitas E, Martins J, et al. New directions: from biofuels to wood stoves: the modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of São Paulo. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 140:364–369.
  
• Lalonde M. Montreal bagels and the pollution problem. Montreal Gazette. 2017, 20 June.
• Lao J, Xie S, Wu C, Bao L, Tao S, Zeng E. Importance of dermal absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derived from barbecue fumes. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52(15):8330–8338
• Lee H, Wang Q, Yang F, Tao P, Li H, et al. SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism, smoked meat, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study and meta-analysis. DNA and Cell Biology. 2012; 31(5):688–699.
• McCart M. Hotel Monaco restaurant ordered to pay $4,850 fine for violating air pollution enforcement order. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2015, October 23.
• Mota Lima FD, Pérez-Martínez PJ, de Fatima Andrade M, Kumar P, de Miranda RM. Characterization of particles emitted by pizzerias burning wood and briquettes: a case study at Sao Paulo, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27:35875–35888.
• National Cancer Institute. Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk.
• Olsson M, Petersson G. Benzene emitted from glowing charcoal. Science of The Total Environment. 2003; 303(3):215–220.
• Rey-Salgueiro L, García-Falcón M, Martinez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. Effects of toasting procedures on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in toasted bread. Food Chemistry. 2008; 108(2):607–615.
• Sturgis C. Neighbors of Hopewell's Nomad Pizzeria complain of toxins, soot from pizza oven. 2011, January 30.
• Susaya J, Kim K, Ahn J, Jung M, Kang C. BBQ charcoal combustion as an important source of trace metal exposure to humans. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 176(1–3):932–937.
• Thadani T. SF steak house Espetus causing headaches—literally—for nearby residents. San Francisco Chronicle. 2019, May 14.
• White AJ, Bradshaw PT, Herring AH, Teitelbaum SL, Beyea J, Stellman SD, et al. Exposure to multiple sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and breast cancer incidence. Environment International. 2016; 89–90:185–192.
• Wu C, Bao L, Guo Y, Li S, Zeng EY. Barbecue fumes: an overlooked source of health hazards in outdoor settings? Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49(17):10607–10615.

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