Wood Smoke References

This bibliography of research articles and other reference sources is organized by content order on our website. It is a growing resource that we add to regularly.

Particle pollution

Alessandrini F, Schulz H, Takenaka S, Lentner B, Karg E, et al. Effects of ultrafine carbon particle inhalation on allergic inflammation of the lung. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2006; 117(4):824–830.

Ailshire J, Crimmins E. Fine particulate matter air pollution and cognitive function among older US adults. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2014; 180(4):359–366.

American Heart Association. Air pollution may spur irregular heart rhythms in healthy teens. 2022, Sept 14. [Press release.]

Barrett JR. Connecting PM2.5 exposure to insulin resistance: oxidative stress may be an intermediate step. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2016; 124(12):A236.

Belleudi V, Faustini A, Stafoggia M, Cattani G, Marconi A, et al. Impact of fine and ultrafine particles on emergency hospital admissions for cardiac and respiratory diseases. Epidemiology. 2010; 21(3):414–423.

Bernatsky S, Fournier M, Pineau CA, Clarke AE, Vinet E, Smargiassi A. Associations between ambient fine particulate levels and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Environmental Health Perspectives. 2010; 119(1):45–49.

Brook R, Rajagopalan S, Pope 3rd C, Brook J, Bhatnagar A, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010; 121(21):2331–2378.

Burnett R, Chen H, Szyszkowicz M, Fann N, Hubbell B, Pope CA 3rd, Apte JS, Brauer M, Cohen A, Weichenthal S, et al. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2018, Sep 18; 115(38):9592–9597.

Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Azzarelli B, Acuna H, Garcia R, Gambling T, et al. Air pollution and brain damage. Toxicologic Pathology. 2002; 30(3):373.

Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Maronpot R, Torres-Jardon R, Henríquez-Roldán C, Schoonhoven R, et al. DNA damage in nasal and brain tissues of canines exposed to air pollutants is associated with evidence of chronic brain inflammation and neurodegeneration. Toxicologic Pathology. 2003; 31(5):524.

Cesaroni G, Francesco F, Stafoggia M, Andersen AJ, Badaloni C, Beelen R, Caracciolo B, de Faire U, Erbel R, Eriksen KT, et al. Long term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis in 11 European cohorts from the ESCAPE project. BMJ. 2014; 348:f7412.

Chen J, Wang X, Wellenius G, Serre M, Driscoll I, et al. Ambient air pollution and neurotoxicity on brain structure: evidence from women’s health initiative memory study. Annals of Neurology. 2015; 78(3):466–476.

Cole-Hunter T, Zhang J, So R, Samoli E, Liu S, Chen J, Strak M, Wolf K, Weinmayr G, Rodopolou S, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure and Parkinson’s disease mortality in a large pooled European cohort: An ELAPSE study. Environment International. 2023; 171:107667.

Dennekamp M, Akram M, Abramson M, Tonkin A, Sim M, et al. Outdoor air pollution as a trigger for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Epidemiology. 2010; 21(4):494–500.

Desikan, A. Outdoor air pollution as a possible modifiable risk factor to reduce mortality in post-stroke population. Neural Regeneration Research. 2017; 12(3):351–353.

Di Q, Dai L, Wang Y, Zanobetti A, Choirat C, Schwartz JD, Dominici F. Association of short-term exposure to air pollution with mortality in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2017; 318:2446–2456.

Di Q, Wang Y, Zanobetti A, Wang Y, Koutrakis P, Choirat FD, Schwartz JD. Air pollution and mortality in the entire Medicare population. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 376:2513–2522.

Dockery D, Pope C, Xu X, SpenglerJ, Ware J, et al. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993; 329(24):1753–1759.

Dominici F, Peng R, Bell M, Pham L, McDermott A, et al. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. JAMA. 2006; 295(10):1127–1134.

Farhadi Z, Abulghasem Gorgi H, Shabaninejad H, Aghajani Delavar M, Torani S. Association between PM_2.5 and risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1):314.

Fleury V, Himsl R, Joost S, Nicastro N, Bereau M, Guessous I, Burkhard PR. Geospatial analysis of individual-based Parkinson's disease data supports a link with air pollution: A case-control study. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2021; 83:41–48.

Gehling W, Dellinger B. Environmentally persistent free radicals and their lifetimes in PM2.5. Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47(15):8172.

Genc S, Zadeoglulari Z, Fuss SH, Genc K. The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. Journal of Toxicology. 2012; 782462.

Grigg J. Arrhythmias and particulate matter, The Lancet. 2017; (1)2:E50–E51.

Harrabi I, Rondeau V, Dartigues J, Tessier J, Filleul L. Effects of particulate air pollution on systolic blood pressure: a population-based approach. Environmental Research. 2006; 101(1):89–93.

He F, Yanosky JD, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Chinchilli VM, Al-Shaar L, Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Liao D. Acute impact of fine particulate air pollution on cardiac arrhythmias in a population-based sample of adolescents: The Penn State child cohort. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2022; 11(18):e026370.

Huttunen K, Siponen T, Salonen I, Yli-Tuomi T, Aurela M, et al. Low-level exposure to ambient particulate matter is associated with systemic inflammation in ischemic heart disease patients. Environmental Research. 2012; 116:44–51.

Jacobs L, Buczynska A, Walgraeve C, Delcloo A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Van Grieken R, Demeestere K, Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H, De Backer H, Nemery B, Nawrot TS. Acute changes in pulse pressure in relation to constituents of particulate air pollution in elderly persons. Environmental Research. 2012; 117:60–67.

Janke K, Propper C, Henderson J. Do current levels of air pollution kill? The impact of air pollution on population mortality in England. Health Economics. 2009; 18(9):1031–1055.

Katanoda K, Sobue T, Satoh H, Tajima K, Suzuki T, et al. An association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory diseases in Japan. Journal of Epidemiology. 2011; 21(2):132–143.

Kioumourtzoglou M, Schwartz JD, Weisskopf MG, Melly SJ, Wang Y, Dominici F, Zanobetti A. Long-term PM2.5 exposure and neurological hospital admissions in the northeastern United States. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016; 124:23–29.

Kleeman MJ, Schauer JJ, Cass GR. Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from wood burning, meat charbroiling, and cigarettes. Environmental Science & Technology. 1999; 33(20):3516–23.

Kukkonen J, Lopez-Aparicio S, Segersson D, Geels C, Kangas L, Kauhaniemi M, Maragkidou A, Jensen A, Assmut T, Karppinen, A, et al. The influence of residential wood combustion on the concentrations of PM2.5 in four Nordic cities. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020; 20: 4333–4365.

Lepeule J, Laden F, Dockery D, Schwartz J. Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012; 120(7):965.

Liao D, Creason J, Shy C, Williams R, Watts R, et al. Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999; 107(7):521-525.

Link M, Luttmann-Gibson H, Schwartz J, Mittleman M, Wessler B, Gold D, Dockery D, Laden F. Acute exposure to air pollution triggers atrial fibrillation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013; 62(9):816–825.

Lipsett MJ, Ostro BD, Reynolds P, Goldberg D, Hertz A, Jerrett M, Smith DF, Garcia C, Chang ET, Bernstein L. Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory disease in the California Teachers Study cohort. American Journal of Respiratory and Citical Care Medicine. 2011; 184(7):828–835.

Liu C, Xu X, Bai Y, Wang TY, Rao X, Wang A, Sun L, Ying Z, Gushchina L, Maiseyeu A, Morishita M, Sun Q, Harkema JR, Rajagopalan S. Air pollution–mediated susceptibility to inflammation and insulin resistance: influence of CCR2 pathways in mice. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2014; 122:17–26.

Ljungman P, Mittleman M. Ambient air pollution and stroke. Stroke. 2014; 45(12):3734–3741.

Loeb MB. Community-acquired pneumonia in older people: the need for a broader perspective. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003; 51(4):539–543.

Maher BA, O’Sullivan V, Feeney J, Gonet T, Kenny RA. Indoor particulate air pollution from open fires and the cognitive function of older people. Environmental Research. 2021; 192:110298

Matsuo R, Michikawa T, Ueda K, Ago T, Nitta H, Kitazono T, Kamouchi M. Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2016; 47(12):3032–3034.

McClellan R. Setting ambient air quality standards for particulate matter. Toxicology. 2002; 181:329–347.

McGill University. Air pollution: The silent killer called PM2.5. 2022, March 11. [Press Release].

Migliore L, Coppedè F. Environmental-induced oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders and aging. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2009; 674(1):73–84.

Miller K, Siscovick D, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan J, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2007; 356(5):447–458.

Mitka M. Health experts denounce EPA’s soot limits. JAMA. 2006; 296(17):2078.

Moulton P, Yang, W. Air pollution, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2012; 472751–472759.

Nelin T, Joseph A, Gorr M, Wold L. Direct and indirect effects of particulate matter on the cardiovascular system. Toxicology Letters. 2012; 208(3):293–299.

Oberdörster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhalation Toxicology. 2004; 16(6–7):437–445.

Orioli R, Cremona G, Ciancarella L, Solimini AG. Association between PM1, PM2.5, NO2, O3 and self-reported diabetes in Italy: a cross-sectional ecological study. PLoS One. 2018; 13(1):e0191112.

Ostro B, Wen-Ying G, Broadwin R, Green S, Lipsett M. The effects of components of fine particulate air pollution on mortality in California: results from CALFINE. Environmental Health Perspective. 2007; 115(1):13–19.

Oudin A, Segersson D, Adolfsson R, Forsberg B. Association between air pollution from residential wood burning and dementia incidence in a longitudinal study in Northern Sweden. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(6):e0198283.

Peters A. Air quality and cardiovascular health: smoke and pollution matter. Circulation. 2009; 120(11):924–927.

Peters R, Ee N, Peters J, Booth A, Mudway I, Anstey K. Air pollution and dementia: a systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2019; 70(s1): S145–S163.

Power MC, Adar SD, Yanosky JD, Weuve J. Exposure to air pollution as a potential contributor to cognitive function, cognitive decline, brain imaging, and dementia: A systematic review of epidemiologic research. Neurotoxicology. 2016; 56:235–253.

Rosenthal F, Carney J, Olinger M. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and airborne fine particulate matter: a case-crossover analysis of emergency medical services data in Indianapolis, Indiana. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2008; 116(5):631–636.

Roux J, Bard D, Le Pabic E, Segala C, Reis J, Ongagna JC, de Sèze J, Leray E. Air pollution by particulate matter PM10 may trigger multiple sclerosis relapses. Environmental Research. 2017; 156:404–410.

Schneider A, Neas L, Herbst M, Case M, Williams R, Cascio W, et al. Endothelial dysfunction: associations with exposure to ambient fine particles in diabetic individuals. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2008; 116(12):1666–1674.

Schraufnagel DE. The health effects of ultrafine particles. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2020; 52:311–317.

Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Neas LM. Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 1996; 46(10):927–939.

Shah ASV, Langrish JP, Nair H, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Donaldson K, Newby DE, Mills NL. Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013; 382(9897):1039–1048.

Shaw J. Clearing the air: how epidemiology, engineering, and experiment finger fine particles as airborne killers. Harvard Magazine. May-June 2005.

Shi L, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, Coull B, Koutrakis P, et al. Low-concentration PM2.5 and mortality: estimating acute and chronic effects in a population-based study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016; 124(1):46–52.

Shrey K, Suchit A, Deepika D, Shruti K, Vibha R. Air pollutants: the key stages in the pathway towards the development of cardiovascular disorders. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2011; 31(1):1–9.

Totlandsdal AI, Skomedal T, Låg M, Osnes J, Refsnes M. Pro-inflammatory potential of ultrafine particles in mono- and co-cultures of primary cardiac cells. Toxicology. 2008; 247(1):23–32.

Turner M, Krewski D, Pope 3rd C, Chen Y, Gapstur S, et al. Long-term ambient fine particulate matter air pollution and lung cancer in a large cohort of never-smokers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2011; 184(12):1374–1381.

Wang X, Younan D, Millstein J, Petkus AJ, Garcia E, Beavers DP, Espeland MA, Chui HC, Resnick SM, Gatz M, Kaufman JD, Wellenius GA, Whitsel EA, Manson JE, Rapp SR, Chen JC. Association of improved air quality with lower dementia risk in older women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2022 Jan 11; 119(2):e2107833119.

Wang Y, Xiong L, Tang M. Toxicity of inhaled particulate matter on the central nervous system: neuroinflammation, neuropsychological effects and neurodegenerative disease. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2017; 37(6):644-667.

Wei Y, Wang Y, Di Q, Choirat C, Wang Y, Koutrakis P et al. Short term exposure to fine particulate matter and hospital admission risks and costs in the Medicare population: time stratified, case crossover study. BMJ. 2019; 367:l6258.

Wellenius G, Burger M, Coull B, Schwartz J, Suh H, et al. Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute ischemic stroke. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2012; 172(3):229–234.

Wellenius G, Schwartz J, Mittleman M. Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities.The American Journal of Cardiology. 2006; 97(3):404–408.

Weuve J, Puett R, Schwartz J, Yanosky J, Laden F, et al. Exposure to particulate air pollution and cognitive decline in older women. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2012; 172(3):219–227.

White AJ, Fisher JA, Sweeney MR, Freedman ND, Kaufman JD, Silverman DT, Jones RR. Ambient fine particulate matter and breast cancer incidence in a large prospective US cohort. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2023; djad170.

Wichmann HE, Spix C, Tuch T, Wölke G, Peters A, Heinrich J, Kreyling WG, Heyder J. Daily mortality and fine and ultrafine particles in Erfurt, Germany part I: role of particle number and particle mass. Research report (Health Effects Institute). 2000; (98)5-86: discussion 87-94.

World Health Organization. Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. Published online 2013.

Xu X, Liu C, Xu Z, Tzan K, Zhong M, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate pollution induces insulin resistance and mitochondrial alteration in adipose tissue. Toxicological Sciences. 2011; 124(1):88–98.

Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Cardiovascular damage by airborne particles: are diabetics more susceptible? Epidemiology. 2002; 13(5):588–592.

Zanobetti A, Dominici F, Wang Y, Schwartz JD. A national case-crossover analysis of the short-term effect of PM2.5 on hospitalizations and mortality in subjects with diabetes and neurological disorders. Environmental Health. 2014; 13(38).

Wood smoke is particle pollution

Airparif and Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement. Source apportionment of airborne particles in the Ile-de-France region, Final Report. 2012.
Allen G, Rector L. Characterization of Residential Woodsmoke PM2.5 in the Adirondacks of New York. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2020; 20: 2419–2432.
Anastasopolos A, Hopke P, Sofowote U, Zhang J, Johnson M. Local and regional sources of urban ambient PM_2.5 exposures in Calgary, Canada. Atmospheric Environment. 2022; 290:119383.
Bari A, Baumbach G, Kuch B, Scheffknecht G. Air pollution in residential areas from wood-fired heating. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2011; 11:749–757.
Bari A, Baumbach G, Kuch B, Scheffknecht G. Temporal variation and impact of wood smoke pollution on a residential area in southern germany. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(31):3823–3832.
Bennett DH, McKone TE, Evans JS, Nazaroff WW, Margni MD, Jolliet O, Smith KR. Defining intake fraction. Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36(9):207A–211A.
Boman BC, Forsberg AB, Järvholm BG. Adverse health effects from ambient air pollution in relation to residential wood combustion in modern society. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 2003; 29(4):251–260.
Borrego C, Valente J, Carvalho A, Sá E, Lopes M, Miranda AI. Contribution of residential wood combustion to PM10 levels in portugal. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(5):642–651.
Brown SG, Lee T, Roberts PT, Collett, JL. Wintertime residential biomass burning in Las Vegas, Nevada; marker components and apportionment methods. Atmosphere. 2016; 7(12):58.
Carrington D. Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution. The Guardian. 2021, Feb 16.
Caseiro A, Bauer H, Schmidl C, Pio CA, Puxbaum H. Wood burning impact on PM10 in three Austrian regions. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(3),13:2186–2195.
Corsini E, Marinovich M, Vecchi R. Ultrafine particles from residential biomass combustion: a review on experimental data and toxicological response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):4992.
Danish Ecological Council. Pollution from residential burning: danish experience in an international perspective. 2016. (PDF download)
Davis N. London on pollution ‘high alert’ due to cold air, traffic, and wood burning. The Guardian. 2017, January 25.
Denier van der Gon HAC, Bergström R, Fountoukis C, Johansson C, Pandis SN, Simpson D, Visschedijk AJH. Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe—revised estimates and an evaluation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2015; 15:6503–6519.
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), United Kingdom. National Statistics Emissions of air pollutants in the UK, 1970 to 2019—Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Updated 2021, Feb 12.
Emergency measures unveiled to combat smog over Greek cities. Kathimerini English Edition. 2013. Retrieved from ekathimerini.com.
Evans GJ, Jeong C. Data analysis and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Golden, British Columbia using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research University of Toronto. 2007.
Fairley D. Sources of Bay Area fine particles: 2010 update and trends. Publication of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. 2010.
Favez O, Cachier H, Sciare J, Sarda-Estève R, Martinon L. Evidence for a significant contribution of wood burning aerosols to PM2.5 during the winter season in Paris, France. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(22–23):3640–3644.
Fuller GW, Tremper AH, Baker TD, Yttri KE, Butterfield D. Contribution of wood burning to PM10 in London. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 87:87–94.
Genberg J, Hyder M, Stenström K, Bergström R, Simpson D, Fors EO, Jönsson JÅ, Swietlicki E. Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in southern Sweden. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2011; 11:11387–11400.
Gilmore H. State’s top doctor says we should consider banning wood fire heaters. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2014, July 5.
Glasius M, Ketzel M, Whåhlin P, Jensen B, Mønster J, Berkowicz R, Palmgren F. Impact of wood combustion on particle levels in a residential area in Denmark, Atmospheric Environment. 2006; 40:7115–7124.
Grange SK, Salmond JA, Trompetter WJ, Davy PK, Ancelet T. Effect of atmospheric stability on the impact of domestic wood combustion to air quality of a small urban township in winter. Atmospheric Environment. 2013; 70:28–38.
Hibberd MF, Selleck PW, Keywood MD, Cohen DD, Stelcer E, Atanacio AJ. Upper Hunter fine particle characterisation study. CSIRO, Australia. 2013.
Hong K, Weichenthal S, Saraswat A, King G, Henderson S, Brauer M. Systematic identification and prioritization of communities impacted by residential woodsmoke in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 220b:797–806.
Janssen NAH, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, et al. Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011; 119(12):1691–1699.
Jeong C, Evans GJ, Dann T, Graham M, Herod D, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Mathieu D, Ding L, Wang D. Influence of biomass burning on wintertime fine particulate matter: source contribution at a valley site in rural British Columbia. Atmospheric Environment. 2008; 42:3684–3699.
Kleeman MJ, Riddle SG, Robert MA, Jakober CA, Fine PM, Hays MD, Schauer JJ, Hannigan MP. Source apportionment of fine (PM1.8) and Ultrafine (PM0.1) airborne particulate matter during a severe winter pollution episode. Environmental Science and Technology. 2009; 43(2):272–279.
Knapton S. Air pollution in London passes levels in Beijing … and wood burners are making the problem worse. The Telegraph. 2017, January 25.
Kotchenruther RA. Source apportionment of PM2.5 at multiple Northwest US sites: assessing regional winter wood smoke impacts from residential wood combustion. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 142:210–219.
Kourtchev I, Hellebust S, Bell JM, O'Connor IP, Healy RM, Allanic A, Healy D, Wenger JC, Sodeau JR. The use of polar organic compounds to estimate the contribution of domestic solid fuel combustion and biogenic sources to ambient levels of organic carbon and PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland. Science of the Total Environment. 2011; 409(11):2143–55.
Krecl P, Hedberg Larsson E, Ström J, Johansson C. Contribution of residential wood combustion and other sources to hourly winter aerosol in Northern Sweden determined by positive matrix factorization. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2008; 8:3639–3653.
Kukkonen J, Lopez-Aparicio S, Segersson D, Geels C, Kangas L, Kauhaniemi M, Maragkidou A, Jensen A, Assmut T, Karppinen, A, et al. The influence of residential wood combustion on the concentrations of PM2.5 in four Nordic cities. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020; 20: 4333–4365.
Laurenson J. Amazing views and dirty air in French Alps. BBC News online. 2017, 7 March.
Li AF, Zhang KM, Allen G, Zhang S, Yang B, Gu J, Hashad K, Sward J, Felton D, Rattigan O. Ambient sampling of real-world residential wood combustion plumes. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:710–719.
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Division. Investigation of the impact of burning upon ambient PM2.5 levels in Owosso during November 2011. 2012.
Naeher L, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff J, Simpson C, et al. Woodsmoke health effects: a review. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19(1):67–106.
Plejdrup MS, Nielsen O, Brandt J. Spatial emission modelling for residential wood combustion in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 144:389–396.
Ries F, Marshall J, Brauer M. Intake fraction of urban wood smoke. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009; 43(13):4701–4706.
Reisen F, Meyer CP, Keywood MD. Impact of biomass burning sources on seasonal aerosol air quality. Atmospheric Environment. 2013; 67:437–447.
Robinson D. 2.4 times more PM2.5 pollution from domestic wood burning than traffic. BMJ, 2015; 350:h2757.
Scauzillo S. Why your fireplace is ruining the environment. San Gabriel Valley Tribune. 2015, January 30.
Semmens E, Noonan C, Allen R, Weiler E, Ward T. Indoor particulate matter in rural, wood stove heated homes, Environmental Research. 2015; 138:93–100.
Sigsgaard T, Forsberg B, Annesi-Maesano I, Blomberg A, Bølling A, Boman C. et al. Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world. European Respiratory Journal. 2015; 46(6):1577–88.
Su J, Allen G, Miller PJ, Brauer M. Spatial modeling of residential woodsmoke across a non-urban upstate New York region. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2011; 6:85-94.
Szidat S, Prévôt A, Sandradewi J, Alfarra, M, Synal H, et al. Dominant impact of residential wood burning on particulate matter in Alpine valleys during winter. Geophysical Research Letters. 2007; 34(5).
Thatcher TL, Kirchstetter TW, Malejan CJ, Ward CE. Infiltration of black carbon particles from residential woodsmoke into nearby homes. Open Journal of Air Pollution. 2014; 3:111–120.
Thatcher TL, Kirchstetter TW, Tan SH, Malejan CJ and Ward CE. Near-field variability of residential woodsmoke concentrations. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences. 2014; 4:622-635.
Thatcher TL, Kirchstetter TW, et al. Assessing near-field exposures from distributed residential wood smoke combustion sources. Prepared for California Air Resources Board and California Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.
Trojanowski R., Fthenakis V. Nanoparticle emissions from residential wood combustion: A critical literature review, characterization, and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 103:515–528.
Trompetter WJ, Davy PK, Markwitz DA. Influence of environmental conditions on carbonaceous particle concentrations within New Zealand. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2010; 41(1):134–142.
United States EPA. Final report: polar organic compounds in fine particles from the New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut Regional airshed. 2009.
VanderSchelden G, de Foy B, Herring C, Kaspari S, VanReken T, and Jobson B. Contributions of wood smoke and vehicle emissions to ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter during the Yakima wintertime nitrate study, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2017; 122:1871–1883.
Vicente ED and Alves CA. An overview of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion. Atmospheric Research. 2018; 199:159–185.
Wang Q, Shao M, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Hu M, Guo S. Source apportionment of fine organic aerosols in Beijing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2009; 9:8573–8585.
Wang Y, Hopke PK. Is Alaska truly the great escape from air pollution? Long term source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Fairbanks, Alaska. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2014; 14:1875–1882.
Ward T. The Fairbanks, Alaska PM2.5 source apportionment research study winters 2005/2006-2012/2013, and summer 2012, final report amendments 6 and 7. 2013.
Ward T, Lange T. The impact of wood smoke on ambient PM2.5 in Northern Rocky Mountain Valley communities. Environmental Pollution. 2010; 158(3):723–729.
Washington State Department of Ecology Air Quality Program. Health effects and economic impacts of fine particle pollution in Washington. 2009. Publication number: 09‐02‐021.
Yli-Tuomi T, Siponen T, Taimisto RP, Aurela M, Teinlila K, Hillamo R, Pekkanen J, Salonen RO, Lanki T. Impact of wood combustion for secondary heating and recreational purposes on particulate air pollution in a suburb in Finland. Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49(7):4089–4096.
Zheng M, Cass GR, Schauer JJ, Edgerton ES. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States using solvent-extractable organic compounds as tracers. Environmental Science and Technology. 2002; 36(11):2361–2371.
Zheng M, Cass GR, Ke L, Wang F, Schauer JJ, Edgerton ES, Russell AG. Source apportionment of daily fine particulate matter at Jefferson Street, Atlanta, GA, during summer and winter. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2007; 57(2):228–242

Wood smoke health effects

Arrieta O, Campos-Parra AD, Zuloaga C, Avilés A, Sánchez-Reyes R, Manríquez ME, Covián-Molina E, Martínez-Barrera L, Meneses A, Cardona A, Borbolla-Escoboza JR. Clinical and pathological characteristics, outcome, and mutational profiles regarding non-small-cell lung cancer related to wood smoke exposure. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2012; 7(8):1228–1234.
American Heart Association. Lovely but dangerous, wood fires bring health risks. American Heart Association News. 2019, Dec 13.
Awji E, Chand H, Bruse S, Smith K, Colby J, et al. Wood smoke enhances cigarette smoke-induced inflammation by inducing the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor in airway epithelial cells. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2015; 52(3):377.
Barregard L, Sällsten G, Gustafson P, Andersson L, Johansson L, Basu S, Stingendal L. Experimental exposure to wood-smoke particles in healthy humans: effects on markers of inflammation, coagulation, and lipid peroxidation. Inhalation Toxicology. 2006; 18(11):845–853.
Beard JD, Beck C, Graham R, Packham SC, Traphagan M, Giles RT, Morgan JG. Winter temperature inversions and emergency department visits for asthma in Salt Lake County, Utah, 2003–2008. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012; 120:1385–1390.
Bølling AK, Totlandsdal AI, Sallsten G, Braun A, Westerholm R, Bergvall C, Boman J, Dahlman HJ, Sehlstedt M, Cassee F, Sandstrom T, Schwarze PE, Herseth JI. Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell lines. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2012; 9(45).
Boman C, Forsberg B, Sandström T. Shedding new light on wood smoke: a risk factor for respiratory health, European Respiratory Journal. 2006; 27:446–447.
Bui DS, Burgess JA, Matheson MC, Erbas B, Perret J, Morrison S. et al. Ambient wood smoke, traffic pollution and adult asthma prevalence and severity. Respirology. 2013; 18(7):1101–7.
Chafe Z, Brauer M, Héroux M, Klimont Z, Lanki T, Salonen R, Smith K. Residential heating with wood and coal: health impacts and policy options in Europe and North America. World Health Organization regional office for Europe. 2015.
Colyer S. Wood heaters: lung cancer risk equivalent to passive Smoking. Medical Journal of Australia Insight+. 2021, 9 August; Issue 29.
Cooper JA. Environmental impact of residential wood combustion emissions and its implications. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. 1980; (30)8:855–861.
Corsini E, Budello S, Marabini L, Galbiati V, Piazzalunga A, et al. Comparison of wood smoke PM2.5 obtained from the combustion of fir and beech pellets on inflammation and DNA damage in A549 and Thp-1 human cell lines. Archives of Toxicology. 2013; 87(12):2187–2199.
Corsini E, Vecchi R, Marabini L, Fermo P, Becagli S, Bernardoni V, Caruso D, Corbella L, Dell'Acqua M, Galli CL, Lonati G, Ozgen S, Papale A, Signorini S, Tardivo R, Valli G, Marinovich M. The chemical composition of ultrafine particles and associated biological effects at an alpine town impacted by wood burning. The Science of the Total Environment. 2017; 587–588:223–231.
Cupitt L, Glen W, Lewtas J. Exposure and risk from ambient particle-bound pollution in an airshed dominated by residential wood combustion and mobile sources. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1994; 102(Suppl 4):75–84.
Danielsen P, Loft S, Kocbach A, Schwarze P, Møller P. Oxidative damage to DNA and repair induced by Norwegian wood smoke particles in Human A549 and Thp-1 cell lines. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2009; 674(1):116–122.
Danielsen PH, Møller P, Jensen KA, Sharma AK, Wallin H, Bossi R, Autrup H, Mølhave L, Ravanat JL, Briedé JJ, de Kok TM, Loft S. Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation induced by ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2011; 24(2):168–84.
Delgado J, Martinez L, Sánchez T, Ramirez A, Iturria C, et al. Lung cancer pathogenesis associated with wood smoke exposure. Chest. 2005; 128(1):124–131.
Dellinger B, D’Alessio A, D’Anna A, Ciajolo A, Gullett B, et al. Report: combustion byproducts and their health effects: summary of the 10th international congress. Environmental Engineering Science. 2008; 25(8):1107–1114.
Díaz-Robles L, Fu J, Vergara-Fernandez A, Etcharren P, Schiappacasse L, et al. Health risks caused by short term exposure to ultrafine particles generated by residential wood combustion: a case study of Temuco, Chile. Environment International. 2014; 66:174–181.
Díaz-Robles L, Cortés S, Vergara-Fernández A, Ortega JC. Short term health effects of particulate matter: a comparison between wood smoke and multi-source polluted urban areas in Chile. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2015; 15:306–318.
Duffney PF, McCarthy CE, Hsiao H, Thatcher TH, Phipps R, Sime PJ. Wood Smoke exposure induces inflammatory mediator production in human lung fibroblasts in vitro. A62. Lung Fibrosis: Fibroblast Biology. 2014; A2028-A2028
Elliott C, Copes R. Burden of mortality due to ambient fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) in interior and northern BC. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2011; 102(5):390–3.
Forchhammer L, Loft S, Roursgaard M, Cao Y, Riddervold I, et al. Expression of adhesion molecules, monocyte interactions and oxidative stress in human endothelial cells exposed to wood smoke and diesel exhaust particulate matter. Toxicology Letters. 2012; 209(2):121–128.
Fuller G. The Invisible Killer: The Rising Global Threat of Air Pollution—And How We Can Fight Back. Melville House Books. 2019.
Gan W, FitzGerald J, Carlsten C, Sadatsafavi, M, Brauer, M. Associations of ambient air pollution with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalization and mortality. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2013; 187(7):721.
Ghio A, Soukup J, Case M, Dailey L, Richards J, et al. Exposure to wood smoke particles produces inflammation in healthy volunteers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2012; 69(3):170–175.
Gonzalez-Avila G, Delgado J, Mendoza-Posada D, Sommer B, Ramos C, et al. Differences in plasma MMPs and TIMPs protein expression and chemotherapy response in patients with tobacco- or wood-smoke-induced lung cancer. Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2013; 85(4):281.
Gunbatar H, Sertogullarindan B, Ozbay B, Avcu S, Bulut G, et al. Chronic effects of environmental biomass smoke on lung histopathology in Turkish non-smoking women: a case series. Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju. 2012; 63(3):357.
Guzmán-Grenfell A, Nieto-Velázquez N, Torres-Ramos Y, Montoya-Estrada A, Ramírez-Venegas A, et al. Increased platelet and erythrocyte arginase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with tobacco or wood smoke exposure. Journal of Investigative Medicine : The Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 2011; 59(3):587.
Harvard T.C. Chan School of Public Health. Air pollution below EPA standards linked with higher death rates [Press release]. 2015, June 3. Retrieved from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu.
Hosgood HD, Boffetta P, Greenland S, Yuan-Chin AL, McLaughlin J., et al. In-home coal and wood use and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis of the international lung cancer consortium. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2010; 118(12):1743.
Ihantola T, Di Bucchianico S, Happo M, Ihalainen M, Uski O, et al. Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2020; 17(1):27.
Johnston FH, Hanigan IC, Henderson SB, Morgan GG. Evaluation of interventions to reduce air pollution from biomass smoke on mortality in Launceston, Australia: retrospective analysis of daily mortality, 1994-2007. BMJ. 2013; 346:e8446.
Johnston F, Porta Cubas A, Workman A, Morgan G, Abramson M, Green D, Cooper N, Tham R, Lodge C, Cartwright A, and Zosky G. Reducing the health impacts of wood heaters in Australia: Policy implications (PDF). Position paper for the Centre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research (CAR). 2021, August.
Johnson PRS. Adverse health effects, exposure threats and regulatory challenges relating to outdoor wood boilers and residential wood combustion. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 2011; 8–12.
Korsiak J, Perepeluk KL, Peterson NG, Kulka R, Weichenthal S. Air pollution and retinal vessel diameter and blood pressure in school-aged children in a region impacted by residential biomass burning. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11:12790
Krall JR, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Balachandran S, Winquist A, et al. Associations between source-specific fine particulate matter and emergency department visits for respiratory disease in four US cities. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016; Advance Publication.
Krapf M, Künzi L, Allenbach S, Bruns EA, Gavarini I, El-Haddad I, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH, Drinovec L, et al. Wood combustion particles induce adverse effects to normal and diseased airway epithelia. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 2017; Issue 4.
Lachocki TM, Church DF, Pryor WA. Persistent free radicals in woodsmoke: an ESR spin trapping study. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1989; 7(1):17–21.
Lal K, Dutta K, Vachhrajani K, Gupta, G, Srivastava A. Histomorphological changes in lung of rats following exposure to wood smoke. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1993; 31(9):761.
Larson T, Koenig J. Wood smoke: emissions and noncancer respiratory effects. Annual Review of Public Health. 1994; 15:133–156.
Le GE, Breysse PN, McDermott A, Eftim SE, Geyh A, Berman JD, Curriero FC. Canadian forest fires and the effects of long-range transboundary air pollution on hospitalizations among the elderly. International Journal of Geo-Information. 2014; 3(2):713–731.
Leonard S, Wang S, Shi X, Jordan B, Castranova V, et al. Wood smoke particles generate free radicals and cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NFκB activation and TNF-α release in macrophages. Toxicology. 2000; 150(1):147–157.
Marabini L, Ozgen S, Turacchi S, Aminti S, Arnaboldi F, Lonati G, et al. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) from domestic wood stoves: genotoxicity in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2017; 820:39–46.
McGill University. Woodstoves are Good For the Soul, Bad for the Heart. [Press release]. 2017, February 27.
Mehta M. Blame wood-burning stoves for winter air pollution and health threats. The Conversation. 2019, March 7.
Mehta SS, Hodgson ME, Lunn RM, Ashley CE, Arroyave WD, Sandler DP, White AJ. Indoor wood-burning from stoves and fireplaces and incident lung cancer among Sister Study participants. Environment International. 2023; 178:108128.
Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania. Reduction in air pollution from wood heaters associated with reduced risk of death. [Press release.] 2013, January 8.
Meunier A. Wood burning creates top cancer risk in Oregon's air, EPA says. The Oregonian. 2009, July 9.
Migliaccio CT, Kobos E, King QO, Porter V, Jessop F, Ward T. Adverse effects of wood smoke on PM2.5 exposure on macrophage functions. Inhalation Toxicology. 2013; 25(2):67–76.
Montes de Oca M, Zabert G, Moreno D, Laucho-Contreras M, Lopez Varela MV, Surmont F. Smoke, biomass exposure, and COPD risk in the primary care setting: the PUMA Study. Respiratory Care. 2017; 62(8):1058–1066.
Moreira MA, Barbosa MA, Jardim JR, Queiroz MC, Inácio LU. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women exposed to wood stove smoke. Journal of the Brazilian Medical Association (Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira). 2013; 59(6):607–613.
Naeher L, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff JT, Simpson CD, Koenig JQ, Smith K. Woodsmoke health effects: a review. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19:67–109.
Nagappan A, Park SB, Lee S-J, Moon Y. Mechanistic implications of biomass-derived particulate matter for immunity and immune disorders. Toxics. 2021; 9(2):18.
Numan M, Brown J, Michou L. Impact of air pollutants on oxidative stress in common autophagy-mediated aging diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(2):2289.
Orozco-Levi M, Garcia-Aymerich J, Villar J, Ramírez-Sarmiento A, Antó JM, Gea J. Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal. 2006; 27:542–546.
Orru H, Olstrup H, Kukkonen J, López-Aparicio S, Segersson D, Geels C, Tamm T, Riikonen K, Maragkidou A, Sigsgaard T, Brandt J, Grythe H, Forsberg B. Health impacts of PM_2.5 originating from residential wood combustion in four nordic cities. BMC Public Health. 2022; 22(1):1286.
Oudin A, Segersson D, Adolfsson R, Forsberg B. Association between air pollution from residential wood burning and dementia incidence in a longitudinal study in northern Sweden. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(6):e0198283.
Pardo M, Li C, He Q, Levin-Zaidman S, Tsoory M, Yu Q, Wang X, Rudich Y. Mechanisms of lung toxicity induced by biomass burning aerosols. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2020; 17(1):4.
Phair R. Wood heaters: the cosy killers. VicDoc (magazine of Australian Medical Association Victoria). 2020, Sept.
Pierson WE, Koenig JQ, Bardana EJ Jr. Potential adverse health effects of wood smoke. Western Journal of Medicine. 1989; 151(3):339–342.
Pintos J, Franco E, Kowalski L, Oliveira B, Curado M. Use of wood stoves and risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract: a case-control study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998; 27(6):936–940.
Rao C, Qin C, Robison Jr W, Zigler Jr J. Effect of smoke condensate on the physiological integrity and morphology of organ cultured rat lenses. Current Eye Research. 1995; 14(4):295.
Ramage JE, Roggli VL, Bell DY, Piantadosi CA. Interstitial lung disease and domestic wood burning. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1988; 137(5):1229-1232.
Roberts JM, Veres PR, Cochran AK, Warneke C, Burling IR, Yokelson RJ, Lerner B, Gillman JB, Kuster WC, Fall R, de Gouw J. Isocyanic acid in the atmosphere and its possible link to smoke-related health effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2011; 108(22):8966–8971.
Robinson DL, Horsley JA, Johnston FH, Morgan GG. The effects on mortality and the associated financial costs of wood heater pollution in a regional Australian city. Medical Journal of Australia. 2021; 215(6):269-272.
Robinson DL. Composition and oxidative potential of PM2.5 pollution and health. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2017; 9(3):444–447.
Samuelsen M, Nygaard UC, Løvik M. Allergy adjuvant effect of particles from wood smoke and road traffic. Toxicology. 2008; 246(2–3):124–131.
Sanhueza P, Torreblanca M, Diaz-Robles L, Schiappacasse L, Silva M, et al. Particulate air pollution and health effects for cardiovascular and respiratory causes in Temuco, Chile: a wood-smoke-polluted urban area. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2009; 59(12):1481.
Sankaranarayanan L, Semmens E, Noonan C, Ward, T. Urinary levoglucosan as a biomarker for residential wood smoke exposure. International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry. 2015; 96(2):137–147.
Sarigiannis D, Karakitsios S, Zikopoulos D, Nikolaki S, Kermenidou M. Lung cancer risk from PAHs emitted from biomass combustion. Environmental Research. 2015; 137:147–156.
Schnelle-Kreis J, Küpper U, Sklorz M, Cyrys J, Briedé JJ, Peters A, Zimmermann R. Daily measurement of organic compounds in ambient particulate matter in Augsburg, Germany: new aspects on aerosol sources and aerosol related health effects. Biomarkers. 2009; 14, Issue Sup 1.
Schreuder AB, Larson TV, Sheppard L, Claiborn, CS. Ambient woodsmoke and associated respiratory emergency department visits in Spokane, Washington. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2006; 12(2):147–153.
Schuller A, Montrose L. Influence of woodsmoke exposure on molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s Disease: existing literature and gaps in our Understanding. Epigenetic Insights. 2020; 13:2516865720954873.
Segersson D, Eneroth K, Gidhagen L, Johansson C, Omstedt G, Nylén AE, Forsberg B. Health impact of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon exposure due to different source sectors in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, Sweden. Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):742.
Setton EM, Veerman B, Erickson A, Deschenes S, Cheasley R, Poplawski K, Demers P, Keller CP. Identifying potential exposure reduction priorities using regional rankings based on emissions of known and suspected carcinogens to outdoor air in Canada. Environmental Health. 2015; 14:69.
Sigari N, Moghimi N, Shahraki FS, Mohammadi S, Roshani D. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) ntibody in patients with wood-smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology International. 2015; 35(1):85–91.
Simkhovich BZ, Kleinman MT, Kloner RA. Air pollution and cardiovascular injury: epidemiology, toxicology and mechanisms. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008; 52(9).
Soca-Chafre G, Hernández-Pedro N, Aviles-Salas A, Alaez Versón C, et al. Targeted next generation sequencing identified a high frequency genetic mutated profile in wood smoke exposure-related lung adenocarcinoma patients. Oncotarget. 2018; 9:30499–30512.
Solleiro-Villavicencio, H, Quintana-Carrillo, R, Falfán-Valencia, R, Vargas-Rojas MI. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease induced by exposure to biomass smoke is associated with a Th2 cytokine production profile. Clinical Immunology. 2015; 161(2):150–156.
Sood A, Petersen H, Blanchette CM, Meek P, Picchi MA, Belinsky SA, Tesfaigzi Y. Wood smoke exposure and gene promoter methylation are associated with increased risk for COPD in smokers, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2010; 182(9):1098–1104.
Stabile L, Buonanno G, Avino P, Frattolillo A, Guerriero E. Indoor exposure to particles emitted by biomass-burning heating systems and evaluation of dose and lung cancer risk received by population. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 235:65–73.
Stockfelt L, Sallsten G, Olin AC, Almerud P, Samuelsson L, Johannesson S, Molnar P, Strandberg B, Almstrand AC, Bergemalm-Rynell K, Barregard L. Effects on airways of short-term exposure to two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study of healthy humans. Inhalation Toxicology. 2012; 24(1):47–59.
Tapanainen M, Jalava P, Maeki-Paakkanen J, Hakulinen P, Happo M, et al. In vitro immunotoxic and genotoxic activities of particles emitted from two different small-scale wood combustion appliances. Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(40):7546–7554.
Tesfaigzi Y, Awji E. Comparison of wood smoke and cigarette smoke in causing chronic mucous hypersecretion. European Respiratory Journal. 2016; 48:PA4268
Tesfaigzi Y, Singh SP, Foster JE, Kubatko J, Barr EB, Fine PM, McDonald JD, Hahn FF, Mauderly JL. Health effects of subchronic exposure to low levels of wood smoke in rats. Toxicological Sciences. 2002; 65:115–125.
Torres-Duque CA, García-Rodriguez MC, González-García M. Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by wood smoke a different phenotype or a different entity? Archivos de Bronconeumología. 2016; 52:425–431.
Unosson J, Blomberg A, Sandstrom T, Muala A, Boman C, et al. Exposure to wood smoke increases arterial stiffness and decreases heart rate variability in humans. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2013; 10(1):20.
Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment. Report on the Health Consequences of Wood Smoke. 2015.
Wanniarachige D. Where there’s smoke, there’s respiratory risk. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2015; 187(3):E93-E94.
Weichenthal S, Kulka R, Lavigne E, van Rijswijk D, Brauer M, Villeneuve PJ, Stieb D, Joseph L, Burnett RT. Biomass burning as a source of ambient fine particulate air pollution and acute myocardial infarction. Epidemiology. 2017; 28(3):329-337.
Weinhold B. The heart of toxicity: details of cardiovascular damage uncovered. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005; 113(4):A254–A255.
White AJ, Sandler DP. Indoor wood-burning stove and fireplace use and breast cancer in a prospective cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2017; 125(7):077011.
Wu C, Wu S, Wu Y, Cullen AC, Larson TV, Williamson J, Liu LS. Cancer risk assessment of selected hazardous air pollutants in Seattle. Environment International. 2008; 35:516–522.
Yap P, Garcia C. Effectiveness of residential wood-burning regulation on decreasing particulate matter levels and hospitalizations in the San Joaquin Valley air basin. American Journal of Public Health. 2015; 105(4):772–778.
Zelikoff J, Chen L, Cohen M, Schlesinger R. The toxicology of inhaled woodsmoke. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews. 2002; 5(3):269–282.

Children and wood smoke

Abusalah A, Gavana M, Haidich A, Smyrnakis E, Papadakis N, et al. Low birth weight and prenatal exposure to indoor pollution from tobacco smoke and wood fuel smoke: a matched case–control study in Gaza Strip. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2012; 16(8):1718–1727.
Allen JL, Conrad K, Oberdörster G, Johnston CJ, Sleezer B, Cory-Slechta DA. Developmental exposure to concentrated ambient particles and preference for immediate reward in mice. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2013; 121(1):32–38.
Amegah A, Quansah R, Jaakkola J. Household air pollution from solid fuel use and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence: A113920. PLoS One. 2014; 9(12):e113920.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Ambient air pollution: health hazards to children. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(6):1699–1707.
Assibey-Mensah V, Glantz JC, Hopke PK, Jusko TA, Thevenet-Morrison K, et al. Ambient wintertime particulate air pollution and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Monroe County, New York. Environmental Research. 2019; 168:25–31.
Backes C, Nelin T, Gorr M, Wold L. Early life exposure to air pollution: how bad is it? Toxicology Letters. 2013; 216(1):47–53.
Bailey H, de Klerk N, Fritschi L, Attia J, Daubenton J, et al. Refuelling of vehicles, the use of wood burners and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood: petrol refuelling, wood burning and childhood ALL. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2011; 25(6):528–539.
Balakrishna S, Saravia J, Thevenot P, Ahlert T, Lominiki S, Dellinger B, Cormier S. Environmentally persistent free radicals induce airways hyperresponsiveness in neonatal rat lungs. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2011; 8:11.
Balidemaj F, Flanagan E, Malmqvist E, Rittner R, Källén K, Åström DO, Oudin A. Prenatal exposure to locally emitted air pollutants is associated with birth weight: an administrative cohort study from southern Sweden. Toxics. 2022; 10(7):366.
Bates DV. The effects of air pollution on children. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995; 103(Suppl 6):49–53.
Bell ML, Belanger K, Ebisu K, Gent JF, Leaderer BP. Relationship between birth weight and exposure to airborne fine particulate potassium and titanium during gestation. Environmental Research. 2012; 117:83–89.
Bocskay K, Tang D, Orjuela M, Liu X, Warburton D, Perera F. Chromosomal aberrations in cord blood are associated with prenatal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2005; 14(2):506–511
Bongaerts E, Lecante L, Bové H, Roeffaers MBJ, Ameloot M, Fowler PA, Nawrot TS. Maternal exposure to ambient black carbon particles and their presence in maternal and fetal circulation and organs: an analysis of two independent population-based observational studies. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2022; 6:e804–11.
Bulkow L, Singleton R, DeByle C, Miernyk K, Redding G, et al. Risk factors for hospitalization with lower respiratory tract infections in children in rural Alaska. Pediatrics. 2012; 129(5):e1220–e1227.
Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Solt A, Henríquez-Roldán C, Torres-Jardón R, Nuse B, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure Is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid β-42 and α-synuclein in children and young adults. Toxicologic Pathology. 2008; 36(2):289–310.
Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Franco-Lira M, Mora-Tiscareno A, Medina-Cortina H, Torres-Jardon R, et al. Early Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s disease pathology in urban children: friend versus foe responses — it is time to face the evidence. BioMed Research International. 2013; 161687.
Choi H, Rauh V, Garfinkel R, Tu Y, Perera FP. Prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of intrauterine growth restriction. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2008; 116(5):658–665.
Choi H, Wang L, Lin X, Spengler J, Perera F. Fetal window of vulnerability to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on proportional intrauterine growth restriction. PloS One. 2012; 7(4):e35464.
Clemens T, Turner S, Dibben C. Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and fetal growth in North-East Scotland: a population-based study using routine ultrasound scans. Environmental International. 2017; 107:216–226.
Dadvand P, Parker J, Bell ML, Bonzini M, Brauer M, et al. Maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and term birth weight: a multi-country evaluation of effect and heterogeneity. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2013; 121(3):267–373.
Daniel A, Shah H, Kamath A, Guddettu V, Joseph B. Environmental tobacco and wood smoke increase the risk of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2012; 470(9):2369–2375.
Dean B, Lopez G, Krenzelok E. Environmentally-induced methemoglobinemia in an infant. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1992; 30(1):127–133.
DeFranco E, Moravec W, Xu F, Hall E, Hossain M, et al. Exposure to airborne particulate matter during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth: a population-based cohort study. Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source. 2016; 15(1):6.
Dejmek J, Solansky I, Beneŝ I, Leníček J, Ŝrám R. The impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fine particles on pregnancy outcome. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000; 108(12):1159–1164.
Erlandsson L, Lindgren R, Nääv Å, Krais AM, Strandberg B, Lundh T, Boman C, Isaxon C, Hansson SR, Malmqvist E. Exposure to wood smoke particles leads to inflammation, disrupted proliferation and damage to cellular structures in a human first trimester trophoblast cell line. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 264:114790.
Flanagan E, Malmqvist E, Rittner R. et al. Exposure to local, source-specific ambient air pollution during pregnancy and autism in children: a cohort study from southern Sweden. Scientific Reports. 2023; 13:3848.
Fleisch AF, Seshasayee SM, Garshick E, Chipman JW, Koutrakis P, Baker ER, Karagas MR. Assessment of maternal glycemia and newborn size among pregnant women who use wood stoves in northern New England. JAMA Network Open. 2020 May 28; 3(5):e206046.
Fonken L, Xu X, Weil Z, Chen G, Sun Q, et al. Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology. Molecular Psychiatry. 2011; 16(10):987.
Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F, Vora H, Thomas D, Berhane K, McConnell R, Kuenzli N, Lurmann F, Rappaport E, Margolis H, Bates D, Peters J. The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351(11):1057–67.
Geiser M, Allenbach S, Krapf M, Bruns E, Jeannet N, Schneider S, et al. Responses of healthy and diseased airway epithelia to primary and secondary aerosols from wood combustion. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2014; 189:A1690–A1690
Greenop KR, Hinwood AL, Fritschi L, Scott RJ, Attia J, Ashton LJ, Heath JA, Armstrong BK, Milne, E. Vehicle refuelling, use of domestic wood heaters and the risk of childhood brain tumours: results from an Australian case-control study. Pediatric Blood Cancer. 2015; 62(2):229–234.
Grevendonk L, Janssen BG, Vanpoucke C, Lefebvre W, Hoxha M, Bollati V, Nawrot TS. Mitochondrial oxidative DNA damage and exposure to particulate air pollution in mother-newborn pirs. Environmental Health. 2016; 15:10.
Guxens M, Lubczyńska M, Muetzel R, Dalmau-Bueno A, Jaddoe V, et al. Air pollution exposure during fetal life, brain morphology, and cognitive function in school-age children. Biological Psychiatry. 2018; 84(4):295-303.
Honicky R, Osborne J. Respiratory effects of wood heat: clinical observations and epidemiologic assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1991; 95:105–109.
Janssen BG, Saenen ND, Roels HA, Madhloum N, Gyselaers W, et al. 2017. Fetal thyroid function, birth weight, and in utero exposure to fine particle air pollution: a birth cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2017; 125(4):699–705.
Karr C, Demers P, Koehoorn M, Lencar C, Tamburic L, et al. Influence of ambient air pollutant sources on clinical encounters for infant bronchiolitis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2009; 180(10):995–1001.
Koenig J, Larson T, Hanley Q, Rebolledo V, Dumler K, et al. Pulmonary function changes in children associated with fine particulate matter. Environmental Research. 1993; 63(1):26–38.
Korsiak J, Perepeluk KL, Peterson NG, Kulka R, Weichenthal S. Air pollution and retinal vessel diameter and blood pressure in school-aged children in a region impacted by residential biomass burning. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11:12790
Lai HK, Berry SD, Verbiest MEA, Tricker PJ, Atatoa Carr PE, Morton SMB, Grant CC. Emergency department visits of young children and long-term exposure to neighbourhood smoke from household heating — The Growing up in New Zealand Child Cohort Study. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 231(1):533–540.
Lee G, Saravia J, You D, Shrestha B, Jaligama S, et al. Exposure to combustion generated environmentally persistent free radicals enhances severity of influenza virus infection. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2014; 11(1), 57.
Lee P., Talbott E., Roberts J., Catov J., Bilonick R., et al. Ambient air pollution exposure and blood pressure changes during pregnancy. Environmental Research. 2012; 117:46–53.
Lipsett M, Hurley S, Ostro B. Air pollution and emergency room visits for asthma in Santa Clara County, California. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1997; 105(2):216–222.
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Infant inhalation Of ultrafine air pollution linked to adult lung disease. ScienceDaily. 2009, July 23.
MacIntyre E, Karr C, Koehoorn M, Demers P, Tamburic L, et al. Residential air pollution and otitis media during the first two years of life. Epidemiology. 2011; 22(1):81.
Morris K, Morgenlander M, Coulehan JL, Gahagen S, Arena VC. Wood-burning stoves and lower respiratory tract infection in American Indian children. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1990; 144(1):105–108.
Munroe RL, Gauvain M. Exposure to open-fire cooking and cognitive performance in children. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2011; 22(2):156–164.
Naeher L, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff J, Simpson C, et al. Woodsmoke health effects: a review. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19(1):67–106.
Norris G, YoungPong SN, Koenig JQ, Larson TV, Sheppard L, Stout JW. An association between fine particles and asthma emergency department visits for children in Seattle. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999; 107(6):489–493.
Ostro B, Roth L, Malig B, Marty, M. The effects of fine particle components on respiratory hospital admissions in children. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009; 117(3):475–480.
Pacitto A, Stabile L, Viana M, Scungio M, Reche C, Querol X, Alastuey A, et al. Particle-related exposure, dose and lung cancer risk of primary school children in two European countries. Science of the Total Environment. 2018; (616–617)720–729.
Park M, Han J, Park J, Jang MJ, Park MK. Particular matter influences the incidence of acute otitis media in children. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1):19730.
Payne-Sturges DC, Marty MA, Perera F, Miller MD, Swanson M, Ellickson K, et al. Healthy air, healthy brains: advancing air pollution policy to protect children’s health. American Journal of Public Health. 2019; 109(4):550–554.
Pedersen M, Giorgis-Allemand L, Bernard C, Aguilera I, Andersen A., et al. Ambient air pollution and low birthweight: a European cohort study (ESCAPE). The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2013; 1(9):695.
Perera F, Tang D, Tu Y, Cruz L, Borjas M, Bernert T, Whyatt R. Biomarkers in Maternal and Newborn Blood Indicate Heightened Susceptibility to Procarcinogenic DNA Damage. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2004; 112(10):1133–6.
Perera F, Tang D, Wang S, Vishnevetsky J, Zhang B, et al. Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure and Child Behavior at Age 6–7 Years. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012; 120(6):921-6.
Raz R, Roberts A, Lyall K, Hart J, Just A, et al. Autism spectrum disorder and particulate matter air pollution before, during, and after pregnancy: a nested case–control analysis within the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2015; 123(3):264–270.
Robin LF, Less PS, Winget M, Steinhoff M, Moulton LH, Santosham M, Correa A. Wood-burning stoves and lower respiratory illnesses in Navajo children. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996; 15(10):859–865.
Rodriguez-Villamizar L, Magico A, Osornio-Vargas A, Rowe B. The effects of outdoor air pollution on the respiratory health of Canadian children: a systematic review of epidemiological studies/Les effets de la pollution de l'air atmosphérique sur la santé respiratoire des enfants Canadiens : une analyse systématique d’études épidémiologiques. Canadian Respiratory Journal. 2015; 22(5):282.
Salam M, Li Y, Langholz B, Gilliland, F. Early-life environmental risk factors for asthma: findings from the Children's Health Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2004; 112(6):760–765.
Sankaranarayanan L, Semmens E, Noonan C, Ward, T. Urinary levoglucosan as a biomarker for residential wood smoke exposure. International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry. 2016; 96(2):137–147.
Sarigiannis D, Karakitsios S, Zikopoulos D, Nikolaki S, Kermenidou, M. Lung cancer risk from PAHs emitted from biomass combustion. Environmental Research. 2015; 137:147–156.
Scheers H, Mwalili SM, Faes C, Fierens F, Nemery B, Nawrot TS. Does air pollution trigger infant mortality in Western Europe? A case-crossover study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011; 119(7):1017–1022.
Schwartz J, Slater D, Larson T, Pierson W, Koenig J. Particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for asthma in Seattle. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1993; 147(4):826–831.
Siddika N, Balogun HA, Amegah AK, Jaakkola JJ. Prenatal ambient air pollution exposure and the risk of stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2016; 73(9):573-81.
Singleton R, Salkoski AJ, Bulkow L, Fish C, Dobson J, Albertson L, Skarada J, Kovesi T, McDonald C, Hennessy TW, Ritter T. Housing characteristics and indoor air quality in households of Alaska Native children with chronic lung conditions. Indoor Air. 2017; 27(2):478–486.
Slaughter JC, Lumley T, Sheppard L, Koenig JQ, Shapiro GG. Effects of ambient air pollution on symptom severity and medication use in children with asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. 2003; 91(4):346–53.
Šrám R, Binková B, Dejmek J, Bobak M. Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a review of the literature. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005; 113(4):375–382.
Stapleton P. Should perturbation of the preconceptive environment be considered a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease later in life? Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018; 7(24): e01124.
Suades-González E, Gascon M, Guxens M, Sunyer J. Air pollution and neuropsychological development: a review of the latest evidence. Endocrinology. 2015; 156(10):3473.
Tanwar V, Adelstein J, Grimmer J, Youtz D, Katapadi A, Sugar B, Falvo M, Baer L, Stanford K, Wold L. Preconception exposure to fine particulate matter leads to cardiac dysfunction in adult male offspring. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018; 7:e010797.
Tartaglia M, Chansel-Debordeaux L, Rondeau V, Hulin A, Levy A, Jimenez C, Bourquin P, Delva F, Papaxanthos-Roche A. Effects of air pollution on clinical pregnancy rates after in vitro fertilisation (IVF): a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2022; 12:e062280.
Van Miert E, Sardella A, Nickmilder M, Bernard A. Respiratory effects associated with wood fuel use: a cross-sectional biomarker study among adolescents. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2011; 47:358–366.
Veras MM, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Caldini EG, Maciel Ribeiro AA, Mayhew TM, Saldiva PH, Dolhnikoff M. Particulate urban air pollution affects the functional morphology of mouse placenta. Biology of Reproduction. 2008; 79(3):578–84.
Wang P, You D, Saravia J, Shen H, Cormier S. Maternal exposure to combustion generated PM inhibits pulmonary Th1 maturation and concomitantly enhances postnatal asthma development in offspring. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2013; 10(1):29.
Woodruff T, Parker J, Schoendorf K. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality in California. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006; 114(5):786–790.
World Health Organization Europe. Effects of air pollution on childen’s health and development: a review of the evidence. 2005. (PDF)
Wu J, Hou H, Ritz B, Chen Y. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and missed abortion in early pregnancy in a Chinese population. Science of the Total Environment. 2010; 408(11):2312–2318.

Wood smoke is toxic pollution

Ancelet T, Davy P, Trompetter W, Markwitz A, Weatherburn D. Carbonaceous aerosols in a wood burning community in rural New Zealand. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4(3):245–249.
Avagyan R, Nyström Lindgren R, Boman C, Westerholm R. Particulate hydroxy-PAH emissions from a residential wood log stove using different fuels and burning conditions. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 140:1–9.
Bailey H, de Klerk N, Fritschi L, Attia J, Daubenton J, et al. Refuelling of vehicles, the use of wood burners and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood: petrol refuelling, wood burning and childhood ALL. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2011; 25(6):528–539.
Bari M, Baumbach G, Kuch B, Scheffknecht G. Air pollution in residential areas from wood-fired heating. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2011; 11(6):749–757.
Barrefors G, Petersson G. Assessment by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of volatile hydrocarbons from biomass burning. Journal of Chromatography A. 1995; 710(1):71–77.
Barrefors G, Petersson G. Volatile hydrocarbons from domestic wood burning. Chemosphere. 1995; 3(8):1551-1556.
Boström C, Gerde P, Hanberg A, Jernström B, Johansson C, et al. Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002; 110(s3):451–488.
Bourcier L, Sellegri K, Masson O, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A, Pichon JM, Boulon, J, Laj P. Experimental evidence of biomass burning as a source of atmospheric 137Cs, Puy de Dôme (1465 m a.s.l.), France. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(19):2280–2286.
Brown L, Trought K, Bailey C, Clemons J. 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalence and mutagenic activity associated with PM10 from three urban locations in New Zealand. The Science of the Total Environment. 2005; 349(1–3):161–174.
Bruns EA, El Haddad I, Slowik JG, Kilic D, Klein F, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH. Identification of significant precursor gases of secondary organic aerosols from residential wood combustion. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6:27881.
Burdick A, Davis J, Liu K, Hudson L, Shi H, et al. Benzo(a)pyrene quinones increase cell proliferation, generate reactive oxygen species, and transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor in breast epithelial cells. Cancer Research. 2003; 63(22):7825–7833.
Burns D. San Lorenzo Valley wood stoves burn trash, create air pollution. Santa Cruz Sentinel. 2017, October 2.
Carvalho F, Oliveira JM, Malta M. Exposure to radionuclides in smoke from vegetation fires. Science of the Total Environment. 2014; 472:421–424.
Cerqueira M, Gomes L, Tarelho L, Pio C. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal. Atmospheric Environment. 2013; 72:171–176.
Danielsen PH, Loft S, Kocbach Bølling A, Schwarze PE, Møller P. Oxidative damage to DNA and repair induced by Norwegian wood smoke particles in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2009; 674:116–122.
de Oliveira Galvão MF, de Oliveira Alves N, Ferreira PA, Caumo S, de Castro Vasconcellos P, Artaxo P, de Souza Hacon S, Roubicek DA, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Biomass burning particles in the Brazilian Amazon region: Mutagenic effects of nitro and oxy-PAHs and assessment of health risks. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 233:960–970.
Danielsen PH, Møller P, Jensen KA, Sharma AK, Wallin H, Bossi R, Autrup H, Mølhave L, et al. Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation induced by ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2011; 24 (2):168–184.
Dilger M, Orasche J, Zimmermann R, Paur H, Diabaté S, Weiss C. Toxicity of wood smoke particles in human A549 lung epithelial cells: the role of PAHs, soot and zinc. Archives of Toxicology. 2016; 90(12):3029–3044.
Dirks KN, Chester A, Salmond JA, Talbot N, Thornley S, Davy P. Arsenic in hair as a marker of exposure to smoke from the burning of treated wood in domestic wood burners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3944.
Dutta K, Ghosh D, Nazmi A, Kumawat KL, Basu AA. Common carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene causes neuronal death in mouse via microglial activation. PLoS One. 2010; 5(4):e9984.
Eckhardt S, Breivik K, Man S, Stohl A. Record high peaks in PCB concentrations in the arctic atmosphere due to long-range transport of biomass burning emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2007; 7:4527–4536.
Elomaa M, Saharinen E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soot produced by combustion of polystyrene, polypropylene, and wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 1991; 42:2819–2824.
Eriksson A, Nordin E, Nyström R, Pettersson E, Swietlicki E, et al. Particulate PAH emissions from residential biomass combustion: time-resolved analysis with aerosol mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; 48(12):7143.
Evtyugina M, Alves C, Calvo A, Nunes T, Tarelho L, et al. VOC emissions from residential combustion of southern and mid-European woods. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 83:90–98.
Fu PP, Xia Q, Sun X, Yu H. Phototoxicity and environmental transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—light-induced reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews. 2012; 30(1):1–41.
Fuller G. Arsenic found in London air raises fears over use of waste wood as fuel. The Guardian. 2023, Feb 9.
Gaeggeler K, Prevot ASH, Dommen J, Legreid G, Reimann S, Baltensperger U. Residential wood burning in an Alpine valley as a source for oxygenated volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons and organic acids. Atmospheric Environment. 2008; 42(35):8278–8287.
Gianelle V, Colombi C, Caserini S, Ozgen S, Galante S, Marongiu A, Lanzani G. Benzo(a)pyrene air concentrations and emission inventory in Lombardy Region, Italy. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4(3):257–266.
Gras J, Müller J, Symons R, Burniston D, Mobbs C, Ivory A. Dioxins and woodsmoke in Australian cities. Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2005.
Guo J, Xu Y, Ji W, Song L, Dai C, et al. Effects of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene on metastasis of breast cancer are mediated through ROS-ERK-MMP9 axis signaling. Toxicology Letters. 2015; 234(3):201–210.
Gustafson P, Östman C, Sällsten G. Indoor levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in homes with or without wood burning for heating. Environmental Science and Technology. 2008; 42(14):5074–5080.
Hartikainen A, Yli-Pirilä P, Tiitta P, Leskinen A, Kortelainen M, Orasche J, Schnelle-Kreis J, Lehtinen K, Zimmermann R, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O. Volatile organic compounds from logwood combustion: emissions and transformation under dark and photochemical aging conditions in a smog chamber. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52(8):4979-4988.
Hawthorne S, Miller D, Langenfeld J, Krieger M. PM10 high-volume collection and quantitation of semi- and nonvolatile phenols, methoxylated phenols, alkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from winter urban air and their relationship to wood smoke emissions. Environmental Science & Technology. 1992; 26(11):2251.
Hawthorne S, Miller D, Langenfeld J, Krieger M. PM10 high-volume collection and quantitation of semi- and nonvolatile phenols, methoxylated phenols, alkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from winter urban air and their relationship to wood smoke emissions. Environmental Science & Technology. 1992; 26(11):2251.
Hedberg E, Kristensson A, Ohlsson M, Johansson P, Johansson C, et al. Chemical and physical characterization of emissions from birch wood combustion in a wood stove. Atmospheric Environment. 2002; 36(30):4823–4837.
Hellén H, Kangas L, Kousa A, Vestenius M, Teinilä K, Karppinen A, Kukkonen J, Niemi JV. Evaluation of the impact of wood combustion on benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations; ambient air measurements and dispersion modelling in Helsinki, Finland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2017; 17:3475–3487.
Hellén H, Hakola H, Haaparanta S, Pietarila H, Kauhaniemi M. Influence of residential wood combustion on local air quality. Science of the Total Environment. 2008; 393(2):283–290.
Hellén H, Hakola H, Pirjola L, Laurila T, Pystynen K. Ambient air concentrations, source profiles, and source apportionment of 71 different C2–C10 volatile organic compounds in urban and residential areas of Finland. Environmental Science and Technology. 2006; 40:103–108.
Hristova M, Spiess P, Kasahara D, Randall M, Deng B, et al. The tobacco smoke component, acrolein, suppresses innate macrophage responses by direct alkylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2012; 46(1):23.
Huang J, Hopke P, Choi H, Laing J, Cui H, et al. Mercury (Hg) emissions from domestic biomass combustion for space heating. Chemosphere. 2011; 84(11):1694–1699.
Hussey SJK, Purves J, Allcock N, Fernandes VE, Monks PS, Ketley JM, Andrew PW, Morrissey JA. Air pollution alters staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae biofilms, antibiotic tolerance and colonisation. Environmental Microbiology. 2017; 19(5):1868–1880.
Janssen NAH, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, et al. Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011; 119(12):1691–1699.
Kocbach A, Li Y, Yttri K, Cassee F, Schwarze P, et al. Physicochemical characterisation of combustion particles from vehicle exhaust and residential wood smoke. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2006; 3:1.
Kummer V, Mašková J, Zralý Z, Neča J, Šimečková P, Vondráček J, Machala M. Estrogenic activity of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in uterus of immature wistar rats. Toxicology Letters. 2008; 180(3):212–221.
Lewtas J. Air pollution combustion emissions: characterization of causative agents associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects. Mutation Research. 2007; 1–3:95–133.
Lohmann R, Northcott GL, Jones KC. Assessing the contribution of diffuse domestic burning as a source of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs to the UK atmosphere. Environmental Science and Technology. 2000; 34(14):2892–2899.
Longhin E, Pezzolato E, Mantecca P, Holme JA, Franzetti A, Camatini M, Gualtieri M. Season linked responses to fine and quasi-ultrafine Milan PM in cultured cells. Toxicology in Vitro. 2013; 27(2):551–559.
Maenhaut W, Vermeylen R, Claeys M, Vercauteren J, Matheeussen C, et al. Assessment of the contribution from wood burning to the PM10 aerosol in Flanders, Belgium. The Science of the Total Environment. 2012; 437:226-236.
Marchand N, Besombes J, Chevron N, Masclet P, Aymoz ., et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmospheres of two French Alpine valleys: sources and temporal patterns. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2004; 4(5):1167–1181.
McDonald J, Zielinska B, Fujita E, Sagebiel J, Chow J, Watson J. Fine particle and gaseous emission rates from residential wood combustion. Environmental Science and Technology. 2000; 34(11):2080–2091.
Migliaccio CT, Kobos E, King QO, Porter V, Jessop F, Ward T. Adverse effects of wood smoke on PM2.5 exposure on macrophage functions. Inhalation Toxicology. 2013; 25(2):67–76.
Morville S, Delhomme O, Millet M. Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric PAH concentrations between rural, suburban and urban areas. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2011; 2(3):366–373.
Murphy DJ, Buchan RM, Fox DG. Ambient total suspended particulate matter and benzo(a)pyrene concentrations from residential wood combustion in a mountain resort community. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1984; 45:431–435.
Nalin F, Golly B, Bescombes J, Pelletier C, Aujay-Plouzeau R, Verlhac S, et al. Fast oxidation processes from emission to ambient air introduction of aerosol emitted by residential log wood stoves. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 143:15–26.
Oanh NTK, Reutergårdh LB, Dung NT. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter from domestic combustion of selected fuels. Environmental Science & Technology. 1999; 33(16):2703–2709.
Olsson M, Petersson G. Benzene emitted from glowing charcoal. Science of The Total Environment. 2003; 303(3):215–220.
Ozgen S, Becagli S, Bernardoni V, Caserini S, Caruso D, Corbella L, et al. Analysis of the chemical composition of ultrafine particles from two domestic solid biomass fired room heaters under simulated real-world use. Atmospheric Environment. 2017; 150:87–97.
Peters HA, Croft WA, Woolson EA, Darcey BA, Olson MA. Seasonal arsenic exposure from burning chromium-copper-arsenate-treated wood. JAMA. 1984; 251(18):2393–2396.
Pflieger M, Kroflič A. Acute toxicity of emerging atmospheric pollutants from wood lignin due to biomass burning. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2017; 338:132–139.
Piazzalunga A, Anzano M, Collina E, Lasagni M, Lollobrigida F, Pannocchia A, Fermo P, Pitea D. “Contribution of wood combustion to PAH and PCDD/F concentrations in two urban sites in Northern Italy.” Journal of Aerosol Science. 2013; 56:30-40.
Plejdrup MS, Nielsen O, Brandt J. Spatial emission modelling for residential wood combustion in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 144:389–396.
Poulain L, Iinuma Y, Müller K, Birmili W, Weinhold K,Brüggemann E, Gnauk T, et al. Diurnal variations of ambient particulate wood burning emissions and their contribution to the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Seiffen, Germany. Atmospeheric Chemistry and Physics. 2011; 11:12697–12713.
Pozo K, Estellano V, Harner T, Diaz-Robles L, Cereceda-Balic F, et al. Assessing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using passive air sampling in the atmosphere of one of the most wood-smoke-polluted cities in Chile: the case study of Temuco. Chemosphere. 2015; 134:475–481.
Quaß U, Fermann M, Bröker G. Steps towards a european dioxin emission inventory. Chemosphere. 2000; 40(9–11):1125–1129.
Reimann C, Ottesen RT, Andersson M, Arnoldussen A, Koller F, Englmaier P. Element levels in birch and spruce wood ashes — green energy? Science of the Total Environment. 2008; 393(2–3):191–197.
Ribière C, Peyret P, Parisot N, Darcha C, Déchelotte P, et al. Oral exposure to environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene impacts the intestinal epithelium and induces gut microbial shifts in murine model. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6:31027.
Rogge W, Hildemann L, Mazurek M, Cass G, Simoneit B. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 9. pine, oak, and synthetic log combustion in residential fireplaces. Environmental Science & Technology. 1998; 32(1):13–22.
Schauer JJ, Kleeman MJ, Cass GR, Simoneit B. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 3. C1−C29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood. Environmental Science and Technology. 2001; 35(9):1716–1728.
Singh D, Tassew DD, Nelson J, Chalbot MG, Kavouras IG, Demokritou P, Tesfaigzi Y. Development of an integrated platform to assess the physicochemical and toxicological properties of wood combustion particulate matter. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2022; 35(9):1541–1557
Smołka-Danielowska D, Jabłońska M. Chemical and mineral composition of ashes from wood biomass combustion in domestic wood-fired furnaces. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2022; 19:5359–5372.
Söderberg T, Johansson A, Gref R. Toxic effects of some conifer resin acids and tea tree oil on human epithelial and fibroblast cells. Toxicology. 1996; 107(2):99–109.
State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Air Toxics Monitoring in Klamath Falls Fact Sheet (PDF).
Tiitta P, Leskinen A, Hao L, Yli-Pirilä P, Kortelainen M, et al. Transformation of logwood combustion emissions in a smog chamber: formation of secondary organic aerosol and changes in the primary organic aerosol upon daytime and nighttime aging. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2016; 16:13251–13269.
Tully M, Shi R. New insights in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis—role of acrolein in neuronal and myelin damage. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(10):20037–20047.
University of Leicester. Air pollution can alter the effectiveness of antibiotics and increases the potential of disease, new study reveals. Science Daily. 2017, March 2.
Van Den Heuvel R, Staelens J, Koppen G, Schoeters G. Toxicity of urban PM10 and relation with tracers of biomass burning. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(2):320.
VanderSchelden G, de Foy B, Herring C, Kaspari S, VanReken T, and Jobson B. Contributions of wood smoke and vehicle emissions to ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter during the Yakima wintertime nitrate study, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2017; 122:1871–1883.
Vinggaard AM, Hnida C, Larsen JC. Environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affect androgen receptor activation in vitro. Toxicology. 2000; 145(2–3):173–183.
Wang Q, Xue Y. Characterization of solid tumors induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mice. Medical Science Monitor Basic Research. 2015; 21:81–85.
Wheat L, Haberzettl P, Hellmann J, Baba S, Bertke M, et al. Acrolein inhalation prevents vascular endothelial growth factor–induced mobilization of Flk-1+/Sca-1+ cells in mice. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2011; 31(7):1598–1606.
White AJ, Bradshaw PT, Herring AH, Teitelbaum SL, Beyea J, Stellman SD, et al. Exposure to multiple sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and breast cancer incidence. Environment International. 2016; 89–90:185–192.
White, AJ, Chen, J, McCullough, LE, Xu, X, Teitelbaum, SL, Neugut, AI, Terry, MB, Hibshoosh, H, Santella, RM, Gammon, MD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts and breast cancer: modification by gene promoter nethylation in a population-based study. Cancer Causes and Control. 2015; 12:1791–802.
Williams R, Knibbs L. Daily personal exposure to black carbon: A pilot study. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 132:296–299.
Wang Q, Xue Y. Characterization of solid tumors induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mice. Medical Science Monitor Basic Research. 2015; 21:81–85.
Wu CY, Cabrera-Rivera O, Dettling J, Asselmeier D, McGeen D, Ostrander A, Lax J, et al. An assessment of benzo(a)pyrene air emissions in the Great Lakes region. US EPA.

The real cost of wood burning

Borchers-Arriagada N, Palmer AJ, Bowman D, Williamson GJ, Johnston FH. Health impacts of ambient biomass smoke in Tasmania, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3264.
Brown A. How neighbouring wood heaters have made one Canberran's home almost unlivable. The Canberra Times. 2020, July 6.
Danish Ecological Council. Pollution from Residential Burning: Danish Experience in an International Perspective. 2016. (PDF download.)
Fisher G, Kjellstrom T, Woodward A, Hales S, Town I, et al. Health and air pollution in New Zealand: Christchurch pilot study. Health Research Council Ministry for the Environment Ministry of Transport. 2005.
Fuchs VR, Frank SR. Air Pollution and medical care use by older Americans: a cross-area analysis. Health Affairs. 2002; 21(6):207–214.
Fuller G. Pollutionwatch: the solvable problem of home wood burners. The Guardian. 2021, Oct 22.
Haluza D, Kaiser A, Moshammer H, Flandorfer C, Kundi M, et al. Estimated health impact of a shift from light fuel to residential wood-burning in Upper Austria. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 2012; 22(4):339–343.
Jammer M, Singh R, Sax S. Health Impact Scale for Air Quality Improvements in the Canadian Lower Fraser Valley Airshed. Report commissioned by Metro Vancouver. 2019.
Khan L, Parton K, Doran H. Cost of particulate air pollution in Armidale: a clinical event survey [online]. Environmental Health. 2007; 7(2):11–21.
Kortekand M, de Vries J, van Berkel P, and de Bruyn S. Health-related social costs of air pollution due to residential heating and cooking in the EU27 and UK. Report by CE Delft. 2022. (PDF)
Le Page M. Health impacts of wood burning cost EU and UK €17 billion a year, New Scientist. 2022 March 30.
Lighthall D, Nunes D, Tyner T. Environmental health evaluation of Rule 4901: domestic wood burning: a case study of the Fresno/Clovis and Bakersfield metropolitan areas. The San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. 2009.
Maher BA, O’Sullivan V, Feeney J, Gonet T, Kenny RA. Indoor particulate air pollution from open fires and the cognitive function of older people. Environmental Research. 2021; 192:110298
Multnomah County. Moderate reductions to wood smoke emissions will save lives, experts say; Board commits to act. 2022, Feb 11.
New South Wales EPA. Wood Smoke Amendment Q&As.
Orru H, Olstrup H, Kukkonen J, López-Aparicio S, Segersson D, Geels C, Tamm T, Riikonen K, Maragkidou A, Sigsgaard T, Brandt J, Grythe H, Forsberg B. Health impacts of PM_2.5 originating from residential wood combustion in four nordic cities. BMC Public Health. 2022; 22(1):1286.
Robinson DL. Air pollution in Australia: review of costs, sources and potential solutions. Health Promotion Journal of Australia: Official Journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals. 2005; 16(3):213-20.
Robinson DL, Horsley JA, Johnston FH, Morgan GG. The effects on mortality and the associated financial costs of wood heater pollution in a regional Australian city. Medical Journal of Australia. 2021; 215(6):269–272.
Robinson DL, Monro J, Campbell E. Spatial variability and population exposure to PM2.5 pollution from woodsmoke in a New South Wales country town. Atmospheric Environment. 2007; 41(26):5464–5478.
Saffari A, Daher N, Samara C, Voutsa D, Kouras A, Manoli E, Karagkiozidou O, Vlachokostas C, Moussiopoulos N, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C. Increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece and its adverse impact on wintertime air quality in Thessaloniki. Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47(23):13313-13320.
Sarigiannis D, Karakitsios S, Kermenidou M. Health impact and monetary cost of exposure to particulate matter emitted from biomass burning in large cities. Science of The Total Environment. 2015; 524:319–330.
Shah ASV, Langrish JP, Nair H, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Donaldson K, Newby DE, Mills NL. Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013; 382(9897):1039–1048.
Sigsgaard T, Forsberg B, Annesi-Maesano I, Blomberg A, Bølling A, Boman C. Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world. The European Respiratory Journal. 2015; 46(6):1577–88.
Taxing wood-burning stoves could save lives and money. CPH Post Online. 2016, March 1.
University of Tasmania Menzies Institute for Medical Research. New study shows the health impacts of biomass smoke exposure in Tasmania. [Press Release.] 2020.
Wellenius G, Schwartz J, Mittleman M. Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities.The American Journal of Cardiology. 2006; 97(3):404–408.
Williams AM, Phaneuf DJ, Barrett MA, Su JG. Short-term impact of PM_2.5 on contemporaneous asthma medication use: Behavior and the value of pollution reductions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2019; 116(12):5246–5253.

Residential wood burning

Allen R, Leckie S, Brauer M. The impact of stove technology upgrades on indoor residential air quality. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(37):5908–5915.
B.C. wood stove exchange program: program evaluation (2008 to 2014). Pinna Sustainability Inc. 2015.
Bell ML, Belanger K, Ebisu K, Gent JF, Leaderer BP. Relationship between birth weight and exposure to airborne fine particulate potassium and titanium during gestation. Environmental Research. 2012; 117:83–89.
Bergauff M, Ward TJ, Noonan CW, Palmer CP. The effect of a woodstove changeout on ambient levels of PM2.5 and chemical tracers for woodsmoke in Libby, Montana. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(18), 2938–2943.
Burkhard E. Introduction to special issue on residential wood combustion. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:617–618.
Calabrese M, Quarantotto M, Cantaluppi C, Fasson A, Bogoni P. Quality characteristics and radioactive contamination of wood pellet imported in Italy. Open Journal of Applied Sciences. 2015; 5:183-19.
Caracci E, Canale L, Buonanno G, Stabile L. Sub-micron particle number emission from residential heating systems: A comparison between conventional and condensing boilers fueled by natural gas and liquid petroleum gas, and pellet stoves. Science of the Total Environment. 2022; 827:154288.
Carrington D. ‘Eco’ wood stoves emit 750 times more pollution than an HGV, study shows. The Guardian. 2021, October 9.
Castro A, Calvo AI, Blanco-Alegre C, Oduber F, Alves C, et al. Impact of the wood combustion in an open fireplace on the air quality of a living room: estimation of the respirable fraction. Science of the Total Environment. 2018; 628–629, 169–176.
Chakraborty R, Heydon J, Mayfield M, Mihaylova L. Indoor air pollution from residential stoves: examining the flooding of particulate matter into homes during real-world use. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(12):1326.
Cuff D. Fireplace replacement rebates snapped up in a day. The Mercury News. 2016, August 29.
Danish Ecological Council. Pollution from Residential Burning: Danish Experience in an International Perspective. 2016. (PDF download)
Desideri D, Rongoni A, Roselli C, Saetta D, Feduzi L. Analytical methods for the determination of 137Cs and 9Sr in ash of fuel pellets used in Italy. Microchemical Journal. 2012; 103:131–134.
Eriksson AC, Nordin EZ, Nyström R, Pettersson E, Swietlicki E, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Boman C, Pagels JH. Particulate PAH emissions from residential biomass combustion: time-resolved analysis with aerosol mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; 48:7143−7150.
Fine P, Cass G, Simoneit, B. Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from the wood stove combustion of prevalent United States tree species. Environmental Engineering Science. 2004; 21(6):705.
Fisher L, Houck J, Tiegs P, McGaughey J. Long-term performance of EPA-certified phase 2 woodstoves, Klamath Falls and Portland, Oregon. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2000.
Forcey T. The cheapest way to heat your home with renewable energy—just flick a switch. The Conversation. 2015, Sept 6.
Happo M, Uski O, Jalava P, Kelz J, Brunner T, Hakulinen P, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Kosma V, et al. Pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage in the mouse lung after exposure to PM samples from biomass heating appliances of old and modern technologies. Science of The Total Envirnoment. 2013; 443:256–266.
Hays MD, Kinsey J, George I, Preston W, Singer C, Patel B. Carbonaceous particulate matter emitted from a pellet-fired biomass boiler. Atmosphere. 2019; 10(9):536.
Heydon J. Between ordinary harm and deviance: evaluating the UK’s regulatory regime for controlling air pollution from wood burning stoves. The British Journal of Criminology. 2023.
Houck JE, Pitzman LY, Tiegs P. Emission factors for new certified residential wood heaters. Presented at the 17th International Emission Inventory Conference, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008.
Houck JE. Efficiency: pick a number, any number. Hearth and Home. 2009, March; 148.
Houck, JE. Straight talk. Hearth and Home. 2017, May; 38–45.
Johnston FH, Hanigan IC, Henderson SB, Morgan GG. Evaluation of interventions to reduce air pollution from biomass smoke on mortality in Launceston, Australia: retrospective analysis of daily mortality, 1994-2007. BMJ. 2013; 346:e8446.
Knickmeyer E. Coughing neighbors make Bay Area rethink outdoor cooking. The Mercury News. 2015, January 19.
Leskinen J, Tissari J, Uski OJ, Jokiniemi J. Fine particle emissions in three different combustion conditions of a wood chip-fired appliance particulate physico-chemical properties and induced cell death. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 86:129–139.
Lindberg J, Vitillo N, Wurth M, Frank BP, Tang S, LaDuke G, Mason Fritz P, Trojanowski R, Butcher T, Mahajan D. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 2: Particle number and size, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; 72(7):762–776.
Marin A, Rector L, Morin B, Allen G. Residential wood heating: An overview of U.S. impacts and regulations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:619–628.
Meyer CP, Luhar A, Gillett R, Keywoods M. Measurement of real-world PM10 emission factors and emission profiles from woodheaters by in situ source monitoring and atmospheric verification methods. Final Report of Clean Air Research Project 16 for Australian Commonwealth Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts. 2008.
Morin B, Allen G, Marin A, Rector L, Ahmadi M. Impacts of wood species and moisture content on emissions from residential wood heaters, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:647–661.
Multnomah County. Just how harmful is that backyard fire? What our air quality expert found will alarm you. 2022, May 5.
Nalin F, Golly B, Bescombes J, Pelletier C, Aujay-Plouzeau R, Verlhac S, et al. Fast oxidation processes from emission to ambient air introduction of aerosol emitted by residential log wood stoves. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 143:15–26.
Newsham J. As electricity costs rise, market for heat pumps takes off. Boston Globe. 2014, October 6.
Noonan C, Navidi W, Sheppard L, Palmer C, Bergauff M, et al. Residential indoor PM2.5 in wood stove homes: follow-up of the Libby changeout program. Indoor Air. 2012; 22(6):492–500.
Olsen Y, Klenø Nøjgaard J, Rørdam Olesen H, Brandt J, Sigsgaard T, Pryor SC, Ancelet T, del Mar Viana M, Querol X, Hertel O. Emissions and source allocation of carbonaceous air pollutants from wood stoves in developed countries: A review. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020; (11)2:234-251
Ozgen S, Caserini S, Galante S, Giugliano M, Angelino E, Marongiu A, Hugony F, Migliavacca G, Morreale C. Emission factors from small scale appliances burning wood and pellets. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 94:144–153.
Pillarisetti A, Ma R, Buyan M, Nanzad B, Argo Y, Yang X, Smith KR. Advanced household heat pumps for air pollution control: A pilot field study in Ulaanbaatar, the coldest capital city in the world. Environmental Research. 2019; 176:108381.
Press-Kristensen K, Tolotto M. Where there’s fire, there’s smoke: Emissions from domestic heating with wood. European Environmental Bureau and Green Transition Denmark. 2021.
Purvis CR, McCrillis RC, Kariher PH. Fine particulate matter (PM) and organic speciation of fireplace emissions. Environmental Science and Technology. 2000; 34(9):1653-1658.
Rector LR, Allen G, Hopke PK, Chandrasekaran SR, Lin L. Elemental analysis of wood fuels. Report prepared by NESCAUM for New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. 2013.
Robinson D, Monro J, Campbell E. Spatial variability and population exposure to PM2.5 pollution from woodsmoke in a New South Wales country town. Atmospheric Environment. 2007; 41(26):5464–5478.
Robinson DL. What makes a successful woodsmoke-reduction program?Air Quality and Climate Change. 2016; 50(3):20–28.
Robinson DL. Woodsmoke: regulatory failure is damaging public health. Air Quality and Climate Change. 2014; 48(4):53–63.
Ruskin L. and Holden, E. Natural but deadly: huge gaps in US rules for wood-stove smoke exposed. The Guardian. 2021, March 17.
Salthammer T, Schripp T, Wientzek S, Wensing M. Impact of operating wood-burning fireplace ovens on indoor air quality. Chemosphere. 2014; 103:205-211.
Scott AJ. Real-life emissions from residential wood burning appliances in New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment Sustainable Management Fund. 2005.
Skreiberg Ø, Karlsvik E, Hustad J, Sønju O. Round robin test of a wood stove: the influence of standards, test procedures and calculation procedures on the emission level . Biomass and Bioenergy. 1997; 12(6):439–452.
Söderberg T, Johansson A, Gref R. Toxic effects of some conifer resin acids and tea tree oil on human epithelial and fibroblast cells. Toxicology. 1996; 107(2):99–109.
Stabile L, Buonanno G, Avino P, Frattolillo A, Guerriero E. Indoor exposure to particles emitted by biomass-burning heating systems and evaluation of dose and lung cancer risk ceceived by population. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 235:65–73.
Tissari J, Lyyränen J, Hytönen K, Sippula O, Tapper U, Frey A, Saamio K. Pennanen AS, et al. Fine particle and gaseous emissions from normal and smouldering wood combustion in a conventional masonry heater. Atmospheric Environmnet. 2008; 42(34):7862–7873.
Toscano G, Duca D, Amato A, Pizzi A. Emission from realistic utilization of wood pellet stove. Energy. 2014; 68:644–650.
Toscano G, Riva G, Foppa Pedretti E, Corinaldesi F, Mengarelli C, Duca D. Investigation on wood pellet quality and relationship between ash content and the most important chemical elements. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2013; 56:317–322.
Trojanowski R., Fthenakis V. Nanoparticle emissions from residential wood combustion: A critical literature review, characterization, and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 103:515–528.
Trojanowski R, Lindberg J, Butcher T, Fthenakis V. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 1: Particulate and gaseous emissions, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; 72(7):738–761.
United States EPA Office of Inspector General. Report: The EPA’s residential wood heater program does not provide reasonable assurance that heaters are properly tested and certified before reaching consumers. 2023, February 28; Report #23-E-0012.
Uski OJ, Jalava P, Happo MS, Leskinen J, Sippula O, Tissari J, Mäki-Paakkanen J, et al. Different toxic mechanisms are activated by emission PM depending on combustion efficiency. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 89:623–632.
Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment. Report on the Health Consequences of Wood Smoke. 2015.
Venturini E, Vassura I, Zanetti C, Pizzi A, Toscano G, Passarini F. Evaluation of non-steady state condition contribution to the total emissions of residential wood pellet stove. Energy. 2015; 88:650–657.
Vicente ED and Alves, CA. An overview of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion, Atmospheric Research. 2018; 199:159-185.
Vicente ED, Vicente AM, Evtyugina M, Oduber FI, Amato F, Querol X, Alves C. Impact of wood combustion on indoor air quality. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 705:135769.
Ward T, Palmer C, Noonan C. Fine particulate matter source apportionment following a large woodstove changeout program in Libby, Montana. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 2010; 60(6):688.
Ward T, Palmer C, Bergauff M, Jayanty R, Noonan C. Organic/elemental carbon and woodsmoke tracer concentrations following a community wide woodstove changeout program. Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(31):5554–5560.
Ward T, Palmer CP, Hooper K, Bergauff M, Noonan CW. The impact of a community-wide woodstove changeout intervention on air quality within two schools. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4:238–244.
Win KM, Persson T, Bales C. Particles and Gaseous Emissions from Realistic Operation of Residential Wood Pellet Heating Systems. Atmospheric Environment. 2012; 59:320–327.
Wu CY, Herschberger L, Bael D, Fenske MJ, Palmer K. Lessons Learned from the Residential Wood Combustion Surveys. (PDF) Slide Presentation to the 2015 International Emission Inventory Conference “Air Quality Challenges: Tackling the Changing Face of Emissions.” U.S. EPA.

Wood-burning restaurants

Ahmed MT, Hadi EA, El Samahy S, Youssof K. The influence of baking fuel on residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in bread. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2000; 80(1–3):1–8.
Akpambang V, Purcaro G, Lajide L, Amoo I, Conte L, et al. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commonly consumed Nigerian smoked/grilled fish and meat. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2009; 26(7):1096–1103.
Anderson KE, Sinha R, Kulldorff M, Gross M, Lang NP, Barber C, Harnack L, et al. Meat intake and cooking techniques: associations with pancreatic cance r. Mutation Research/Fundamental Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2002; 506–507:225–231.
Badyda AJ, Widziewicz K, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Majewski G, Jureczko I. Inhalation exposure to PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons released from barbecue grills powered by gas, lump charcoal, and charcoal briquettes. In: Pokorski M. (eds) Pulmonary disorders and therapy. advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2017; 1023:11-27.
Bergomi A, Morreale C, Fermo P, Migliavacca G. Determination of pollutant emissions from wood-fired pizza ovens, Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2022; 92:499–504.
Buonanno G, Morawska L, Stabile L, Viola A. Exposure to particle number, surface area and PM concentrations in pizzerias. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(32):3963–3969.
City of Cambridge Public Health Department. Order Regarding Use of Solid Fuel (Wood and Charcoal) as a Cooking Source at Shepard Restaurant and Bar [press release via web archive]. 2017, June 19.
Chen J, Wang S, Hsieh D, Yang H, Lee H. Carcinogenic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for back-door neighbors of restaurants with cooking emissions. Science of the Total Environment. 2012; 417–418:68–75.
Cleveland Clinic. Are smoked meats bad for your health? 2022 March 4.
Conti K. Neighbors clash over Cambridge restaurant’s smoke. The Boston Globe. 2017, 15 May.
Conti K. Following complaints, Cambridge restaurant ordered to stop cooking with charcoal and wood. The Boston Globe. 2017, 19 June.
Daniel CR, Schwartz KL, Colt JS, Dong LM, Ruterbusch JJ, et al. Meat-cooking mutagens and risk of renal cell carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer. 2011; 105:1096–1104.
Farhadian A, Jinap S, Abas F, Sakar Z. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat. Food Control. 2010; 21(5):606–610.
Fritz W, Soós, K. Smoked food and cancer. Bibliotheca Nutritio Et Dieta. 1980; 57–64.
Gianelle V, Colombi C, Caserini S, Ozgen S, Galante S, Marongiu A, Lanzani G. Benzo(a)pyrene Air Concentrations and Emission Inventory in Lombardy Region, Italy. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4(3):257–266.
Jedrychowski W, Perera F, Tang D, Stigter L, Mroz E, et al. Impact of barbecued meat consumed in pregnancy on birth outcomes accounting for personal prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: birth cohort study in Poland. Nutrition. 2012; 28(4):372–377.
Kabir E, Kim K, Ahn J. Hong O, Sohn JR. Barbecue charcoal combustion as a potential source of aromatic volatile organic compounds and carbonyls. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 174(1–3):492–499.
Kumar P, Andrade MF, Ynoue RY, Fornaro A, Dias de Freitas E, Martins J, et al. New directions: from biofuels to wood stoves: the modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of São Paulo. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 140:364–369.
Lalonde M. Montreal bagels and the pollution problem. Montreal Gazette. 2017, 20 June.
Lao J, Xie S, Wu C, Bao L, Tao S, Zeng E. Importance of dermal absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derived from barbecue fumes. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52(15):8330–8338
Lee H, Wang Q, Yang F, Tao P, Li H, et al. SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism, smoked meat, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study and meta-analysis. DNA and Cell Biology. 2012; 31(5):688–699.
McCart M. Hotel Monaco restaurant ordered to pay $4,850 fine for violating air pollution enforcement order. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2015, October 23.
Mota Lima FD, Pérez-Martínez PJ, de Fatima Andrade M, Kumar P, de Miranda RM. Characterization of particles emitted by pizzerias burning wood and briquettes: a case study at Sao Paulo, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27:35875–35888.
National Cancer Institute. Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk.
Olsson M, Petersson G. Benzene emitted from glowing charcoal. Science of The Total Environment. 2003; 303(3):215–220.
Rey-Salgueiro L, García-Falcón M, Martinez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. Effects of toasting procedures on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in toasted bread. Food Chemistry. 2008; 108(2):607–615.
Sturgis C. Neighbors of Hopewell's Nomad Pizzeria complain of toxins, soot from pizza oven. 2011, January 30.
Susaya J, Kim K, Ahn J, Jung M, Kang C. BBQ charcoal combustion as an important source of trace metal exposure to humans. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 176(1–3):932–937.
Thadani T. SF steak house Espetus causing headaches—literally—for nearby residents. San Francisco Chronicle. 2019, May 14.
White AJ, Bradshaw PT, Herring AH, Teitelbaum SL, Beyea J, Stellman SD, et al. Exposure to multiple sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and breast cancer incidence. Environment International. 2016; 89–90:185–192.
Wu C, Bao L, Guo Y, Li S, Zeng EY. Barbecue fumes: an overlooked source of health hazards in outdoor settings? Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49(17):10607–10615.

Secondhand smoke issues

Australian Air Quality Group. Documented evidence: 16 incorrect and misleading claims by the AHHA (Australian Home Heating Association)—an organisation dedicated to promoting wood heating. 2021.
Australian Government Department of Health. Tobacco control timeline. 2018.
Booth R. Why we need transparency in the wood-burning industry. Air Quality News. 2021, Nov 24.
Clean Air in London. Clean Air in London exposes cosy world of the wood stove industry. 2022, 1 February.
Conlon R, Brancaccio D. How grassroots activists fought Big Tobacco. Marketplace. 2019, Nov 25.
Cummings KM, Morley CP, Hyland A. Failed promises of the cigarette industry and its effect on consumer misperceptions about the health risks of smoking. Tobacco Control. 2002; 11:i110–i117.
Boyd DR. The human right to breathe clean air. Annals of Global Health. 2019; 85(1):146.
Dietsch J. Nedlands set to lobby the state government to help end use of indoor woodfires. Perth Now. 2022, March 9.
Givel MS, Glantz SA. Tobacco lobby political influence on US state legislatures in the 1990s. Tobacco Control. 2001; 10:124–134.
Goldberg RF, Vandenberg LN. The science of spin: targeted strategies to manufacture doubt with detrimental effects on environmental and public health. Environmental Health. 2021; 20:33.
Grace, C. Legislation to ban smoking in public spaces. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues, Cancer Council Victoria. 2019.
Haslam I, Liberman J, Ruschena D. Litigation relating to injury from exposure to second-hand smoke. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues, Chap 16.3, Cancer Council Victoria. 2007 and 2010.
Heydon J. Between ordinary harm and deviance: evaluating the UK’s regulatory regime for controlling air pollution from wood burning stoves. The British Journal of Criminology. 2023.
Hyland A, Barnoya J, Corral JE. Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future. Tobacco Control. 2012; 21:154–161.
Koenig J, Larson T, Hanley Q, Rebolledo V, Dumler K, et al. Pulmonary function changes in children associated with fine particulate matter. Environmental Research. 1993; 63(1):26–38.
Lachocki TM, Church DF, Pryor WA. Persistent free radicals in woodsmoke: an ESR spin trapping study. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1989; 7(1):17–21.
Lawrence F. Big Tobacco, war and politics. Nature. 2019, Oct 7; 574:172-173.
MacRae G. and Le Masurier G. Blowing Smoke: Campaign to Overturn Wood Stove Bylaws “Misleading”. Watershed Sentinel. 2021, March 31.
Milov S. The cigarette: a political history. Harvard University Press. 2019.
Naeher L, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff JT, Simpson CD, Koenig JQ, Smith K. Woodsmoke health effects: a review. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19:67–109.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the World Health Organization. The right to health: fact sheet no. 31.
Phair R. Wood heaters: the cosy killers. VicDoc (magazine of Australian Medical Association Victoria). 2020, Sept.
Pompilio E. When nurses smoked in hospitals. Working Nurse (online). 2021.
Robinson DL. Woodsmoke: regulatory failure is damaging public health. Air Quality and Climate Change. 2014; 48(4):53–63.
Saloojee Y, Dagli E. Tobacco industry tactics for resisting public policy on health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(7):902–910.
Tesfaigzi Y, Awji E. Comparison of wood smoke and cigarette smoke in causing chronic mucous hypersecretion. European Respiratory Journal. 2016; 48:PA4268
Tobacco Tactics (University of Bath). Harm Reduction. Updated 2022, Oct 18.
Ruskin L. and Holden, E. Natural but deadly: huge gaps in US rules for wood-stove smoke exposed. The Guardian. 2021, March 17.
Watson B. The troubling evolution of corporate greenwashing. The Guardian. 2016, Aug. 20.

Environment, biomass and climate

Alves C, Gonçalves C, Fernandes AP, Tarelho L, Pio C. Fireplace and woodstove fine particle emissions from combustion of western Mediterranean wood types. Atmospheric Research. 2011; 101(3):692–700.
Ahlers CD. Wood Burning, Biomass, Air Pollution, and Climate Change. Environmental Law. 2016; Vol 46; Vermont Law School Research Paper No. 4–16.
Bahadur R, Praveen PS, Xu Y, Ramanathan V. Solar absorption by elemental and brown carbon determined from spectrual observations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012; 109(43):17366–17371.
Beaudoin KJ. Reducing black carbon from wood burning in Fairbanks, Alaska. Alaska Law Review. 2014; 31:87–103.
Bond TC., Doherty SJ, Fahey DW, Forster PM., Bernstein T, et al. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2013; 118:5380–5552.
Bourcier L, Sellegri K, Masson O, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A, Pichon JM, Boulon, J, Laj P. Experimental evidence of biomass burning as a source of atmospheric 137Cs, Puy de Dôme (1465 m a.s.l.), France. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(19):2280–2286.
Carrington D. ‘Eco’ wood stoves emit 750 times more pollution than an HGV, study shows. The Guardian. 2021, Oct 9.
Chen Y, Bond TC. Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2010; 10:1773–1787.
Cooper JA. Environmental impact of residential wood combustion emissions and its implications. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. 1980; (30)8:855–861.
de Puy Kamp M. How marginalized communities in the South are paying the price for ‘green energy’ in Europe. CNN special report. July 9, 2021.
Denier van der Gon HAC, Bergström R, Fountoukis C, Johansson C, Pandis SN, et al. Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe – revised estimates and an evaluation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2015; 15, 6503–6519.
Fernandes AP, Alves CA, Gonçalves C, Tarelho L, Pio C, Schmidl C, Bauer H. Emission factors from residential combustion appliances burning Portuguese biomass fuels. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2011; 13:3196-3206.
Fuller G. Pollutionwatch: wood fires are bad for planet, more evidence shows. The Guardian. 2022, Feb 25.
Gilardoni S, Massoli P, Paglione M, Giulianelli L, Carbone C, Rinaldi M, et al. Direct observation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol from biomass-burning emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016; 113(36):10013–10018.
Herich H, Hueglin C, Buchmann B. A 2.5 year’s source apportionment study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2011; 4:1409–1420.
Highwood EJ, Kinnersley RP. When smoke gets in our eyes: the multiple impacts of atmospheric black carbon on climate, air quality and health. Environment International. 2006; 32(4):560–566.
Holden A, Sullivan A, Munchak L, Kreidenweis S, Schichtel B, et al. Determining contributions of biomass burning and other sources to fine particle contemporary carbon in the western United States. Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(11):1986-1993.
Iinuma Y, Böge O, Gräfe R, Herrmann H. Methyl-nitrocatechols: atmospheric tracer compounds for biomass burning secondary organic aerosols. Environmental Science & Technology. 2010; 44(22):8453.
IPCC. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis.
Jacobson MZ. Short‐term effects of controlling fossil‐fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2010; 114(D14).
Kirchstetter TW, Novakov T, Hobbs PV. Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2004; 109(D21).
Kirchstetter TW, Thatcher TL. Contribution of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate matter absorption of solar radiation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2012; 12:6067–6072.
Koester S, Davis S. Siting of wood pellet production facilities in environmental justice communities in the Southeastern United States. Environmental Justice. 2018; 11(2):64–70.
Kumar NK, Corbin JC, Bruns E, Massabò D, Slowik J, Drinovec L, Močnik G, Prati P, Vlachou A, Baltensperger U, Gysel M, El-Haddad I, Prévôt A. Production of particulate brown carbon during atmospheric aging of residential wood-burning emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018; 18:17843–17861.
Lee M. Rural Georgia fury over power plants burning railroad ties spurs legislation. Georgia Recorder. 2020, Feb 12.
Leturcq P. Wood preservation (carbon sequestration) or wood burning (fossil-fuel substitution), which is better for mitigating climate change? Annals of Forest Science. 2013; 71(2):117–124.
Li AF, Zhang KM, Allen G, Zhang S, Yang B, Gu J, Hashad K, Sward J, Felton D, Rattigan O. Ambient sampling of real-world residential wood combustion plumes. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:710–719.
Lindberg J, Wurth M, Frank BP, Tang S, LaDuke G, Trojanowski R, Butcher T, Mahajan D. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 3: Optical properties of black and brown carbon emissions, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; 72(7):777–790.
Maenhaut W, Vermeylen R, Claeys M, Vercauteren J, Matheeussen C, et al. Assessment of the contribution from wood burning to the PM10 aerosol in Flanders, Belgium. The Science of the Total Environment. 2012; 437:226-236.
Martinsson J, Eriksson AC, Nielsen IE, Malmborg VB, Ahlberg E, et al. Impacts of combustion conditions and photochemical processing on the light absorption of biomass combustion aerosol. Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49:14663−14671.
McGill University. Air pollution: The silent killer called PM2.5. [Press release.] 2021, March 11.
Meissner K, Alexander K. Mass extinctions and climate change: why the speed of rising greenhouse gases matters. The Conversation. 2016.
Mohr C, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Zotter P, Prevot A, Xu L, et al. Contribution of nitrated phenols to wood burning brown carbon light absorption in Detling, United Kingdom during winter time. Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47(12):6316.
Montaigne F. Why keeping mature forests intact is key to the climate fight: interview with William Moomaw. Yale Environment 360. 2019, Oct 15.
Moomaw W. The EPA says burning wood to generate power is ‘carbon-neutral.’ Is that true? The Conversation. 2018, May 8.
Olivares G, Ström J, Johansson C, Gidhagen L. Estimates of black carbon and size-resolved particle number emission factors from residential wood burning based on ambient monitoring and model simulations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2008; 58(6):838-848.
Press-Kristensen K, Tolotto M. Where there’s fire, there’s smoke: Emissions from domestic heating with wood. European Environmental Bureau and Green Transition Denmark. 2021.
Rau J. Composition and size distribution of residential wood smoke particles. Aerosol Science and Technology. 1989; 10(1):181–192.
Rehman IH, Ahmed T, Praveen PS, Kar A, Ramanathan V. Black carbon emissions from biomass and fossil fuels in rural India. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2011; 11:7289–7299.
Robinson D. Australian wood heaters currently increase global warming and health costs. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2011; 2(3):267–274.
Samburova V, Connolly J, Gyawall M, Yatavelli RL, Watts AC, Chakrabarty RK, Zielinska B, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biomass-burning emissions and their contribution to light absorption and aerosol toxicity. The Science of the Total Environment. 2016; 568:391–401.
Savolahti M, Karvosenoja N, Soimakallio S, Kupiainen K, Tissari J, Paunu VV. Near-term climate impacts of Finnish residential wood combustion. Energy Policy. 2019; 133:110837.
Simmons M. B.C. gives Pacific BioEnergy green light to log rare inland rainforest for wood pellets. The Narwhal. 2020, Oct 9.
Smołka-Danielowska D, Jabłońska M. Chemical and mineral composition of ashes from wood biomass combustion in domestic wood-fired furnaces. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2022; 19:5359–5372.
Sterman JE, Moomaw W, Rooney-Varga JN, Siegel L. Does wood bioenergy help or harm the climate?, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 2022; (78)3:128-138.
Sterman JE, Siegel L, Rooney-Varga JN. Does replacing coal with wood lower CO₂ emissions? Dynamic lifecycle analysis of wood bioenergy. Environmental Research Letters. 2018; 13:015007.
Turóczi B, Hoffer A, Tóth Á, Kováts N, Ács A, Ferincz Á, Kovács A, Gelencsér A. Comparative assessment of ecotoxicity of urban aerosol. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2012; 12:7365–7370.
US EPA. Report to congress on black carbon (PDF). 2010.
Venkataraman C, Habib G, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Miguel A, Friedlander S. Residential biofuels in South Asia: carbonaceous aerosol emissions and climate impacts. Science. 2005; 307(5714):1454–1456.
World Health Organization. Policy Brief: Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs). 2022.
Zeng N. Carbon Sequestration Via Wood Burial. Carbon Balance and Management. 2008; 3:1.
Zhang Y, Albinet A, Petit JE, Jacob V, Chevrier F, Gille G, Pontet S, Chrétien E, Dominik-Sègue M, Levigoureux G, Močnik G, Gros V, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O. Substantial brown carbon emissions from wintertime residential wood burning over France. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 743:140752
See also references for Toxins and Wood Smoke Is PM.

Citizen science air monitoring

Byrne R, Ryan K, Venables DS, Wenger JC, Hellebust S. Highly local sources and large spatial variations in PM2.5 across a city: evidence from a city-wide sensor network in Cork, Ireland. Environmental Science: Atmospheres. 2023, April 19.
McLaughlin T, Kearney L, Sanicola L. Special Report: U.S. air monitors routinely miss pollution—even refinery explosions. Reuters. 2020, Dec 1.
Nair P. Don’t like how your government tracks air pollution? Do it yourself. Ensia, Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota. 2017, June 29.
Peters A. How this small sensor startup became essential to helping California deal with toxic wildfire smoke. Fast Company. 2020, Aug 27.
PurpleAir laser particle counters and air quality monitoring network.
Robinson DL. Accurate, low cost PM2.5 measurements demonstrate the large spatial variation in wood smoke pollution in regional Australia and improve modeling and estimates of health costs. 2020; Atmosphere, 11(8):856.
South Coast Air Quality Management District. Community in Action: A Comprehensive Educational Toolkit on Air Quality Sensors. 2021.
US EPA. Air Sensor Toolbox for Citizen Scientists, Researchers and Developers.

Organizations, blogs, misc.

Asthma Australia: Information on wood heaters and asthma.
Australian Air Quality Group: Clean Air, Better Health
Breathe Clean Air Comox Valley
Burning Issues
Clean Air Canberra
Communities for Clean Air Network
Families for Clean Air
Mums for Lungs
Only Clean Air (blog)
Partnership for Policy Integrity: Information on biomass energy
Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment (UPHE): information and a report on wood burning