This bibliography of research studies, articles and other reference sources is organized by content order on our website. It is a growing resource that we add to regularly.
Particle pollution
Wood smoke is particle pollution
Allen G, Rector L. Characterization of Residential Woodsmoke PM2.5 in the Adirondacks of New York. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2020; 20: 2419–2432.
Anastasopolos A, Hopke P, Sofowote U, Zhang J, Johnson M. Local and regional sources of urban ambient PM2.5 exposures in Calgary, Canada. Atmospheric Environment. 2022; 290:119383.
Bari A, Baumbach G, Kuch B, Scheffknecht G. Air pollution in residential areas from wood-fired heating. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2011; 11:749–757.
Bari A, Baumbach G, Kuch B, Scheffknecht G. Temporal variation and impact of wood smoke pollution on a residential area in southern germany. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(31):3823–3832.
Bennett DH, McKone TE, Evans JS, Nazaroff WW, Margni MD, Jolliet O, Smith KR. Defining intake fraction. Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36(9):207A–211A.
Boman BC, Forsberg AB, Järvholm BG. Adverse health effects from ambient air pollution in relation to residential wood combustion in modern society. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 2003; 29(4):251–260.
Borrego C, Valente J, Carvalho A, Sá E, Lopes M, Miranda AI. Contribution of residential wood combustion to PM10 levels in portugal. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(5):642–651.
Carrington D. Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution. The Guardian. 2021, Feb 16.
Caseiro A, Bauer H, Schmidl C, Pio CA, Puxbaum H. Wood burning impact on PM10 in three Austrian regions. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(3),13:2186–2195.
Corsini E, Marinovich M, Vecchi R. Ultrafine particles from residential biomass combustion: a review on experimental data and toxicological response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):4992.
Danish Ecological Council. Pollution from residential burning: danish experience in an international perspective. 2016. (PDF download)
Davis N. London on pollution ‘high alert’ due to cold air, traffic, and wood burning. The Guardian. 2017, January 25.
Denier van der Gon HAC, Bergström R, Fountoukis C, Johansson C, Pandis SN, Simpson D, Visschedijk AJH. Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe—revised estimates and an evaluation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2015; 15:6503–6519.
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), United Kingdom. National Statistics Emissions of air pollutants in the UK, 1970 to 2019—Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Updated 2021, Feb 12.
Emergency measures unveiled to combat smog over Greek cities. Kathimerini English Edition. 2013. Retrieved from ekathimerini.com.
Evans GJ, Jeong C. Data analysis and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Golden, British Columbia using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research University of Toronto. 2007.
Fairley D. Sources of Bay Area fine particles: 2010 update and trends. Publication of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. 2010.
Favez O, Cachier H, Sciare J, Sarda-Estève R, Martinon L. Evidence for a significant contribution of wood burning aerosols to PM2.5 during the winter season in Paris, France. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(22–23):3640–3644.
Fuller GW, Tremper AH, Baker TD, Yttri KE, Butterfield D. Contribution of wood burning to PM10 in London. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 87:87–94.
Genberg J, Hyder M, Stenström K, Bergström R, Simpson D, Fors EO, Jönsson JÅ, Swietlicki E. Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in southern Sweden. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2011; 11:11387–11400.
Gilmore H. State’s top doctor says we should consider banning wood fire heaters. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2014, July 5.
Glasius M, Ketzel M, Whåhlin P, Jensen B, Mønster J, Berkowicz R, Palmgren F. Impact of wood combustion on particle levels in a residential area in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment. 2006; 40:7115–7124.
Glojek K, Močnik G, Alas HDC, Cuesta-Mosquera A, Drinovec L, Gregorič A, Ogrin M, Weinhold K, Ježek I, Müller T, et al. The impact of temperature inversions on black carbon and particle mass concentrations in a mountainous area. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2022; 22(8):5577–5601.
Grange SK, Salmond JA, Trompetter WJ, Davy PK, Ancelet T. Effect of atmospheric stability on the impact of domestic wood combustion to air quality of a small urban township in winter. Atmospheric Environment. 2013; 70:28–38.
Hibberd MF, Selleck PW, Keywood MD, Cohen DD, Stelcer E, Atanacio AJ. Upper Hunter fine particle characterisation study. CSIRO, Australia. 2013.
Hong K, Weichenthal S, Saraswat A, King G, Henderson S, Brauer M. Systematic identification and prioritization of communities impacted by residential woodsmoke in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 220b:797–806.
Janssen NAH, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, et al. Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011; 119(12):1691–1699.
Jeong C, Evans GJ, Dann T, Graham M, Herod D, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Mathieu D, Ding L, Wang D. Influence of biomass burning on wintertime fine particulate matter: source contribution at a valley site in rural British Columbia. Atmospheric Environment. 2008; 42:3684–3699.
Kleeman MJ, Riddle SG, Robert MA, Jakober CA, Fine PM, Hays MD, Schauer JJ, Hannigan MP. Source apportionment of fine (PM1.8) and Ultrafine (PM0.1) airborne particulate matter during a severe winter pollution episode. Environmental Science and Technology. 2009; 43(2):272–279.
Knapton S. Air pollution in London passes levels in Beijing … and wood burners are making the problem worse. The Telegraph. 2017, January 25.
Kotchenruther RA. Source apportionment of PM2.5 at multiple Northwest US sites: assessing regional winter wood smoke impacts from residential wood combustion. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 142:210–219.
Kourtchev I, Hellebust S, Bell JM, O'Connor IP, Healy RM, Allanic A, Healy D, Wenger JC, Sodeau JR. The use of polar organic compounds to estimate the contribution of domestic solid fuel combustion and biogenic sources to ambient levels of organic carbon and PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland. Science of the Total Environment. 2011; 409(11):2143–55.
Krecl P, Hedberg Larsson E, Ström J, Johansson C. Contribution of residential wood combustion and other sources to hourly winter aerosol in Northern Sweden determined by positive matrix factorization. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2008; 8:3639–3653.
Kukkonen J, Lopez-Aparicio S, Segersson D, Geels C, Kangas L, Kauhaniemi M, Maragkidou A, Jensen A, Assmut T, Karppinen, A, et al. The influence of residential wood combustion on the concentrations of PM2.5 in four Nordic cities. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020; 20: 4333–4365.
Languille , Gros , Petit , Honoré, Baudic , Perrussel , Foret, Michoud , Truong, Bonnaire, et al. Wood burning: A major source of volatile organic compounds during wintertime in the Paris region. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 711(5):135055.
Laurenson J. Amazing views and dirty air in French Alps. BBC News online. 2017, 7 March.
Li AF, Zhang KM, Allen G, Zhang S, Yang B, Gu J, Hashad K, Sward J, Felton D, Rattigan O. Ambient sampling of real-world residential wood combustion plumes. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:710–719.
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Division. Investigation of the impact of burning upon ambient PM2.5 levels in Owosso during November 2011. 2012.
Naeher L, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff J, Simpson C, et al. Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19(1):67–106.
Ogrin M, Glojek K, Gregorič A, Močnik G, Cuesta-Mosquera A, Wiedensohler A, Drinovec L. Hidden black carbon air pollution in hilly rural areas: A case study of dinaric depression. European Journal of Geography. 2020; 11(2).
Plejdrup MS, Nielsen O, Brandt J. Spatial emission modelling for residential wood combustion in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 144:389–396.
Ries F, Marshall J, Brauer M. Intake fraction of urban wood smoke. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009; 43(13):4701–4706.
Reisen F, Meyer CP, Keywood MD. Impact of biomass burning sources on seasonal aerosol air quality. Atmospheric Environment. 2013; 67:437–447.
Robinson D. 2.4 times more PM2.5 pollution from domestic wood burning than traffic. BMJ, 2015; 350:h2757.
Scauzillo S. Why your fireplace is ruining the environment. San Gabriel Valley Tribune. 2015, January 30.
Semmens E, Noonan C, Allen R, Weiler E, Ward T. Indoor particulate matter in rural, wood stove heated homes, Environmental Research. 2015; 138:93–100.
Sigsgaard T, Forsberg B, Annesi-Maesano I, Blomberg A, Bølling A, Boman C. et al. Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world. European Respiratory Journal. 2015; 46(6):1577–88.
Su J, Allen G, Miller PJ, Brauer M. Spatial modeling of residential woodsmoke across a non-urban upstate New York region. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2011; 6:85-94.
Szidat S, Prévôt A, Sandradewi J, Alfarra, M, Synal H, et al. Dominant impact of residential wood burning on particulate matter in Alpine valleys during winter. Geophysical Research Letters. 2007; 34(5).
Thatcher TL, Kirchstetter TW, Malejan CJ, Ward CE. Infiltration of black carbon particles from residential woodsmoke into nearby homes. Open Journal of Air Pollution. 2014; 3:111–120.
Thatcher TL, Kirchstetter TW, Tan SH, Malejan CJ and Ward CE. Near-field variability of residential woodsmoke concentrations. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences. 2014; 4:622-635.
Thatcher TL, Kirchstetter TW, et al. Assessing near-field exposures from distributed residential wood smoke combustion sources. Prepared for California Air Resources Board and California Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.
Trojanowski R., Fthenakis V. Nanoparticle emissions from residential wood combustion: A critical literature review, characterization, and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 103:515–528.
Trompetter WJ, Davy PK, Markwitz DA. Influence of environmental conditions on carbonaceous particle concentrations within New Zealand. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2010; 41(1):134–142.
United States EPA. Final report: polar organic compounds in fine particles from the New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut Regional airshed. 2009.
VanderSchelden G, de Foy B, Herring C, Kaspari S, VanReken T, and Jobson B. Contributions of wood smoke and vehicle emissions to ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter during the Yakima wintertime nitrate study, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2017; 122:1871–1883.
van Pinxteren D, Engelhardt V, Mothes F, Poulain L, Fomba KW, Spindler G, Cuesta-Mosquera A, Tuch T, Müller T, Wiedensohler A, Löschau G, Bastian S, Herrmann H. Residential wood combustion in Germany: A twin-site study of local village contributions to particulate pollutants and their potential health effects. ACS Environmental Au. 2024; 4(1):12-30.
Vicente ED and Alves CA. An overview of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion. Atmospheric Research. 2018; 199:159–185.
Wang Q, Shao M, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Hu M, Guo S. Source apportionment of fine organic aerosols in Beijing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2009; 9:8573–8585.
Wang Y, Hopke PK. Is Alaska truly the great escape from air pollution? Long term source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Fairbanks, Alaska. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2014; 14:1875–1882.
Ward T, Lange T. The impact of wood smoke on ambient PM2.5 in Northern Rocky Mountain Valley communities. Environmental Pollution. 2010; 158(3):723–729.
Washington State Department of Ecology Air Quality Program. Health effects and economic impacts of fine particle pollution in Washington. 2009. Publication number: 09‐02‐021.
Yli-Tuomi T, Siponen T, Taimisto RP, Aurela M, Teinlila K, Hillamo R, Pekkanen J, Salonen RO, Lanki T. Impact of wood combustion for secondary heating and recreational purposes on particulate air pollution in a suburb in Finland. Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49(7):4089–4096.
Zheng M, Cass GR, Schauer JJ, Edgerton ES. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States using solvent-extractable organic compounds as tracers. Environmental Science and Technology. 2002; 36(11):2361–2371.
Zheng M, Cass GR, Ke L, Wang F, Schauer JJ, Edgerton ES, Russell AG. Source apportionment of daily fine particulate matter at Jefferson Street, Atlanta, GA, during summer and winter. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2007; 57(2):228–242.
Wood smoke is toxic pollution
Ancelet T, Davy P, Trompetter W, Markwitz A, Weatherburn D. Carbonaceous aerosols in a wood burning community in rural New Zealand. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4(3):245–249.
Avagyan R, Nyström Lindgren R, Boman C, Westerholm R. Particulate hydroxy-PAH emissions from a residential wood log stove using different fuels and burning conditions. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 140:1–9.
Bailey H, de Klerk N, Fritschi L, Attia J, Daubenton J, et al. Refuelling of vehicles, the use of wood burners and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood: petrol refuelling, wood burning and childhood ALL. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2011; 25(6):528–539.
Bari M, Baumbach G, Kuch B, Scheffknecht G. Air pollution in residential areas from wood-fired heating. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2011; 11(6):749–757.
Barrefors G, Petersson G. Assessment by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of volatile hydrocarbons from biomass burning. Journal of Chromatography A. 1995; 710(1):71–77.
Barrefors G, Petersson G. Volatile hydrocarbons from domestic wood burning. Chemosphere. 1995; 3(8):1551-1556.
Boström C, Gerde P, Hanberg A, Jernström B, Johansson C, et al. Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002; 110(s3):451–488.
Bourcier L, Sellegri K, Masson O, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A, Pichon JM, Boulon, J, Laj P. Experimental evidence of biomass burning as a source of atmospheric 137Cs, Puy de Dôme (1465 m a.s.l.), France. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(19):2280–2286.
Brown L, Trought K, Bailey C, Clemons J. 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalence and mutagenic activity associated with PM10 from three urban locations in New Zealand. Science of the Total Environment. 2005; 349(1–3):161–174.
Bruns EA, El Haddad I, Slowik JG, Kilic D, Klein F, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH. Identification of significant precursor gases of secondary organic aerosols from residential wood combustion. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6:27881.
Burdick A, Davis J, Liu K, Hudson L, Shi H, et al. Benzo(a)pyrene quinones increase cell proliferation, generate reactive oxygen species, and transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor in breast epithelial cells. Cancer Research. 2003; 63(22):7825–7833.
Burns D. San Lorenzo Valley wood stoves burn trash, create air pollution. Santa Cruz Sentinel. 2017, October 2.
Carvalho F, Oliveira JM, Malta M. Exposure to radionuclides in smoke from vegetation fires. Science of the Total Environment. 2014; 472:421–424.
Cerqueira M, Gomes L, Tarelho L, Pio C. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal. Atmospheric Environment. 2013; 72:171–176.
Danielsen PH, Loft S, Kocbach Bølling A, Schwarze PE, Møller P. Oxidative damage to DNA and repair induced by Norwegian wood smoke particles in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2009; 674:116–122.
Danielsen PH, Møller P, Jensen KA, Sharma AK, Wallin H, Bossi R, Autrup H, Mølhave L, et al. Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation induced by ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2011; 24 (2):168–184.
de Oliveira Galvão MF, de Oliveira Alves N, Ferreira PA, Caumo S, de Castro Vasconcellos P, Artaxo P, de Souza Hacon S, Roubicek DA, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Biomass burning particles in the Brazilian Amazon region: Mutagenic effects of nitro and oxy-PAHs and assessment of health risks. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 233:960–970.
Dilger M, Orasche J, Zimmermann R, Paur H, Diabaté S, Weiss C. Toxicity of wood smoke particles in human A549 lung epithelial cells: the role of PAHs, soot and zinc. Archives of Toxicology. 2016; 90(12):3029–3044.
Dirks KN, Chester A, Salmond JA, Talbot N, Thornley S, Davy P. Arsenic in hair as a marker of exposure to smoke from the burning of treated wood in domestic wood burners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3944.
Dutta K, Ghosh D, Nazmi A, Kumawat KL, Basu AA. Common carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene causes neuronal death in mouse via microglial activation. PLoS One. 2010; 5(4):e9984.
Eckhardt S, Breivik K, Man S, Stohl A. Record high peaks in PCB concentrations in the arctic atmosphere due to long-range transport of biomass burning emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2007; 7:4527–4536.
Elomaa M, Saharinen E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soot produced by combustion of polystyrene, polypropylene, and wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 1991; 42:2819–2824.
Eriksson A, Nordin E, Nyström R, Pettersson E, Swietlicki E, et al. Particulate PAH emissions from residential biomass combustion: time-resolved analysis with aerosol mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; 48(12):7143.
Evtyugina M, Alves C, Calvo A, Nunes T, Tarelho L, et al. VOC emissions from residential combustion of southern and mid-European woods. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 83:90–98.
Fu PP, Xia Q, Sun X, Yu H. Phototoxicity and environmental transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—light-induced reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews. 2012; 30(1):1–41.
Fuller G. Arsenic found in London air raises fears over use of waste wood as fuel. The Guardian. 2023, Feb 9.
Gaeggeler K, Prevot ASH, Dommen J, Legreid G, Reimann S, Baltensperger U. Residential wood burning in an Alpine valley as a source for oxygenated volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons and organic acids. Atmospheric Environment. 2008; 42(35):8278–8287.
Gianelle V, Colombi C, Caserini S, Ozgen S, Galante S, Marongiu A, Lanzani G. Benzo(a)pyrene air concentrations and emission inventory in Lombardy Region, Italy. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4(3):257–266.
Gras J, Müller J, Symons R, Burniston D, Mobbs C, Ivory A. Dioxins and woodsmoke in Australian cities. Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2005.
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Gustafson P, Östman C, Sällsten G. Indoor levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in homes with or without wood burning for heating. Environmental Science and Technology. 2008; 42(14):5074–5080.
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Hellén H, Kangas L, Kousa A, Vestenius M, Teinilä K, Karppinen A, Kukkonen J, Niemi JV. Evaluation of the impact of wood combustion on benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentrations; ambient air measurements and dispersion modelling in Helsinki, Finland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2017; 17:3475–3487.
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The real cost of wood burning
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Residential wood burning
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Wood-burning restaurants
Ahmed MT, Hadi EA, El Samahy S, Youssof K. The influence of baking fuel on residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in bread. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2000; 80(1–3):1–8.
Akpambang V, Purcaro G, Lajide L, Amoo I, Conte L, et al. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commonly consumed Nigerian smoked/grilled fish and meat. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2009; 26(7):1096–1103.
Anderson KE, Sinha R, Kulldorff M, Gross M, Lang NP, Barber C, Harnack L, et al. Meat intake and cooking techniques: associations with pancreatic cancer. Mutation Research/Fundamental Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2002; 506–507:225–231.
Badyda AJ, Widziewicz K, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Majewski G, Jureczko I. Inhalation exposure to PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons released from barbecue grills powered by gas, lump charcoal, and charcoal briquettes. In: Pokorski M. (eds) Pulmonary disorders and therapy. advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2017; 1023:11-27.
Bergomi A, Morreale C, Fermo P, Migliavacca G. Determination of pollutant emissions from wood-fired pizza ovens, Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2022; 92:499–504.
Buonanno G, Morawska L, Stabile L, Viola A. Exposure to particle number, surface area and PM concentrations in pizzerias. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(32):3963–3969.
City of Cambridge Public Health Department. Order Regarding Use of Solid Fuel (Wood and Charcoal) as a Cooking Source at Shepard Restaurant and Bar [press release via web archive]. 2017, June 19.
Chen J, Wang S, Hsieh D, Yang H, Lee H. Carcinogenic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for back-door neighbors of restaurants with cooking emissions. Science of the Total Environment. 2012; 417–418:68–75.
Cleveland Clinic. Are smoked meats bad for your health? 2022 March 4.
Conti K. Neighbors clash over Cambridge restaurant’s smoke. The Boston Globe. 2017, 15 May.
Conti K. Following complaints, Cambridge restaurant ordered to stop cooking with charcoal and wood. The Boston Globe. 2017, 19 June.
Daniel CR, Schwartz KL, Colt JS, Dong LM, Ruterbusch JJ, et al. Meat-cooking mutagens and risk of renal cell carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer. 2011; 105:1096–1104.
Farhadian A, Jinap S, Abas F, Sakar Z. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat. Food Control. 2010; 21(5):606–610.
Fritz W, Soós, K. Smoked food and cancer. Bibliotheca Nutritio Et Dieta. 1980; 57–64.
Gianelle V, Colombi C, Caserini S, Ozgen S, Galante S, Marongiu A, Lanzani G. Benzo(a)pyrene Air Concentrations and Emission Inventory in Lombardy Region, Italy. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4(3):257–266.
Jedrychowski W, Perera F, Tang D, Stigter L, Mroz E, et al. Impact of barbecued meat consumed in pregnancy on birth outcomes accounting for personal prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: birth cohort study in Poland. Nutrition. 2012; 28(4):372–377.
Kabir E, Kim K, Ahn J. Hong O, Sohn JR. Barbecue charcoal combustion as a potential source of aromatic volatile organic compounds and carbonyls. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 174(1–3):492–499.
Kumar P, Andrade MF, Ynoue RY, Fornaro A, Dias de Freitas E, Martins J, et al. New directions: from biofuels to wood stoves: the modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of São Paulo. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 140:364–369.
Lalonde M. Montreal bagels and the pollution problem. Montreal Gazette. 2017, 20 June.
Lao J, Xie S, Wu C, Bao L, Tao S, Zeng E. Importance of dermal absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derived from barbecue fumes. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52(15):8330–8338
Lee H, Wang Q, Yang F, Tao P, Li H, et al. SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism, smoked meat, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study and meta-analysis. DNA and Cell Biology. 2012; 31(5):688–699.
McCart M. Hotel Monaco restaurant ordered to pay $4,850 fine for violating air pollution enforcement order. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2015, October 23.
Mota Lima FD, Pérez-Martínez PJ, de Fatima Andrade M, Kumar P, de Miranda RM. Characterization of particles emitted by pizzerias burning wood and briquettes: a case study at Sao Paulo, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27:35875–35888.
National Cancer Institute. Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk.
Olsson M, Petersson G. Benzene emitted from glowing charcoal. Science of The Total Environment. 2003; 303(3):215–220.
Rey-Salgueiro L, García-Falcón M, Martinez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. Effects of toasting procedures on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in toasted bread. Food Chemistry. 2008; 108(2):607–615.
Sturgis C. Neighbors of Hopewell's Nomad Pizzeria complain of toxins, soot from pizza oven. NJ.com, 2011, January 30.
Susaya J, Kim K, Ahn J, Jung M, Kang C. BBQ charcoal combustion as an important source of trace metal exposure to humans. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 176(1–3):932–937.
Thadani T. SF steak house Espetus causing headaches—literally—for nearby residents. San Francisco Chronicle. 2019, May 14.
White AJ, Bradshaw PT, Herring AH, Teitelbaum SL, Beyea J, Stellman SD, et al. Exposure to multiple sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and breast cancer incidence. Environment International. 2016; 89–90:185–192.
Wu C, Bao L, Guo Y, Li S, Zeng EY. Barbecue fumes: an overlooked source of health hazards in outdoor settings? Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49(17):10607–10615.
Secondhand smoke issues
Australian Air Quality Group. Documented evidence: 16 incorrect and misleading claims by the AHHA (Australian Home Heating Association)—an organisation dedicated to promoting wood heating. 2021.
Australian Government Department of Health. Tobacco control timeline. 2018.
Booth R. Why we need transparency in the wood-burning industry. Air Quality News. 2021, Nov 24.
Boyd DR. The human right to breathe clean air. Annals of Global Health. 2019; 85(1):146.
Clean Air in London. Clean Air in London exposes cosy world of the wood stove industry. 2022, 1 February.
Conlon R, Brancaccio D. How grassroots activists fought Big Tobacco. Marketplace. 2019, Nov 25.
Cummings KM, Morley CP, Hyland A. Failed promises of the cigarette industry and its effect on consumer misperceptions about the health risks of smoking. Tobacco Control. 2002; 11:i110–i117.
Danish Consumer Ombudsman. Brændeovne, brænde og træbriketter kan ikke markedsføres som miljøvenlige eller CO2-neutrale [Wood-burning stoves, firewood and wood pellets cannot be marketed as environmentally friendly or CO2-neutral]. 2023, July 21. [Press release.]
Dietsch J. Nedlands set to lobby the state government to help end use of indoor woodfires. Perth Now. 2022, March 9.
Givel MS, Glantz SA. Tobacco lobby political influence on US state legislatures in the 1990s. Tobacco Control. 2001; 10:124–134.
Winstanley, M. Litigation by individuals. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. Cancer Council Victoria. 2023.
Heydon J. Between ordinary harm and deviance: evaluating the UK’s regulatory regime for controlling air pollution from wood burning stoves. The British Journal of Criminology. 2023.
Hyland A, Barnoya J, Corral JE. Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future. Tobacco Control. 2012; 21:154–161.
Koenig J, Larson T, Hanley Q, Rebolledo V, Dumler K, et al. Pulmonary function changes in children associated with fine particulate matter. Environmental Research. 1993; 63(1):26–38.
Lachocki TM, Church DF, Pryor WA. Persistent free radicals in woodsmoke: an ESR spin trapping study. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1989; 7(1):17–21.
Lawrence F. Big Tobacco, war and politics. Nature. 2019, Oct 7; 574:172-173.
MacRae G. and Le Masurier G. Blowing Smoke: Campaign to Overturn Wood Stove Bylaws “Misleading”. Watershed Sentinel. 2021, March 31.
Milov S. The cigarette: a political history. Harvard University Press. 2019.
Naeher L, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff JT, Simpson CD, Koenig JQ, Smith K. Woodsmoke health effects: a review. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19:67–109.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the World Health Organization. The right to health: fact sheet no. 31.
Phair R. Wood heaters: the cosy killers. VicDoc (magazine of Australian Medical Association Victoria). 2020, Sept.
Pompilio E. When nurses smoked in hospitals. Working Nurse (online). 2021.
Robinson DL. Woodsmoke: regulatory failure is damaging public health. Air Quality and Climate Change. 2014; 48(4):53–63.
Ruskin L. and Holden, E. Natural but deadly: huge gaps in US rules for wood-stove smoke exposed. The Guardian. 2021, March 17.
Saloojee Y, Dagli E. Tobacco industry tactics for resisting public policy on health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(7):902–910.
Tesfaigzi Y, Awji E. Comparison of wood smoke and cigarette smoke in causing chronic mucous hypersecretion. European Respiratory Journal. 2016; 48:PA4268
Tobacco Tactics (University of Bath). Harm Reduction. Updated 2022, Nov 22.
Watson B. The troubling evolution of corporate greenwashing. The Guardian. 2016, Aug. 20.
Environment, biomass and climate
Ahlers CD. Wood Burning, Biomass, Air Pollution, and Climate Change. Environmental Law. 2016; Vol 46; Vermont Law School Research Paper No. 4–16.
Alves C, Gonçalves C, Fernandes AP, Tarelho L, Pio C. Fireplace and woodstove fine particle emissions from combustion of western Mediterranean wood types. Atmospheric Research. 2011; 101(3):692–700.
Bahadur R, Praveen PS, Xu Y, Ramanathan V. Solar absorption by elemental and brown carbon determined from spectrual observations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012; 109(43):17366–17371.
Beaudoin KJ. Reducing black carbon from wood burning in Fairbanks, Alaska. Alaska Law Review. 2014; 31:87–103.
Bond TC., Doherty SJ, Fahey DW, Forster PM., Bernstein T, et al. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2013; 118:5380–5552.
Bourcier L, Sellegri K, Masson O, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A, Pichon JM, Boulon, J, Laj P. Experimental evidence of biomass burning as a source of atmospheric 137Cs, Puy de Dôme (1465 m a.s.l.), France. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(19):2280–2286.
Carrington D. ‘Eco’ wood stoves emit 750 times more pollution than an HGV, study shows. The Guardian. 2021, Oct 9.
Chen Y, Bond TC. Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2010; 10:1773–1787.
Cooper JA. Environmental impact of residential wood combustion emissions and its implications. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. 1980; (30)8:855–861.
Denier van der Gon HAC, Bergström R, Fountoukis C, Johansson C, Pandis SN, et al. Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe – revised estimates and an evaluation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2015; 15, 6503–6519.
de Puy Kamp M. How marginalized communities in the South are paying the price for ‘green energy’ in Europe. CNN special report. July 9, 2021.
Fernandes AP, Alves CA, Gonçalves C, Tarelho L, Pio C, Schmidl C, Bauer H. Emission factors from residential combustion appliances burning Portuguese biomass fuels. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2011; 13:3196-3206.
Fuller G. Pollutionwatch: wood fires are bad for planet, more evidence shows. The Guardian. 2022, Feb 25.
Gilardoni S, Massoli P, Paglione M, Giulianelli L, Carbone C, Rinaldi M, et al. Direct observation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol from biomass-burning emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016; 113(36):10013–10018.
Herich H, Hueglin C, Buchmann B. A 2.5 year’s source apportionment study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2011; 4:1409–1420.
Highwood EJ, Kinnersley RP. When smoke gets in our eyes: the multiple impacts of atmospheric black carbon on climate, air quality and health. Environment International. 2006; 32(4):560–566.
Holden A, Sullivan A, Munchak L, Kreidenweis S, Schichtel B, et al. Determining contributions of biomass burning and other sources to fine particle contemporary carbon in the western United States. Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(11):1986-1993.
Iinuma Y, Böge O, Gräfe R, Herrmann H. Methyl-nitrocatechols: atmospheric tracer compounds for biomass burning secondary organic aerosols. Environmental Science & Technology. 2010; 44(22):8453.
Jacobson MZ. Short‐term effects of controlling fossil‐fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2010; 114(D14).
Kirchstetter TW, Novakov T, Hobbs PV. Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2004; 109(D21).
Kirchstetter TW, Thatcher TL. Contribution of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate matter absorption of solar radiation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2012; 12:6067–6072.
Koester S, Davis S. Siting of wood pellet production facilities in environmental justice communities in the Southeastern United States. Environmental Justice. 2018; 11(2):64–70.
Kumar NK, Corbin JC, Bruns E, Massabò D, Slowik J, Drinovec L, Močnik G, Prati P, Vlachou A, Baltensperger U, Gysel M, El-Haddad I, Prévôt A. Production of particulate brown carbon during atmospheric aging of residential wood-burning emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018; 18:17843–17861.
Leturcq P. Wood preservation (carbon sequestration) or wood burning (fossil-fuel substitution), which is better for mitigating climate change? Annals of Forest Science. 2013; 71(2):117–124.
Li AF, Zhang KM, Allen G, Zhang S, Yang B, Gu J, Hashad K, Sward J, Felton D, Rattigan O. Ambient sampling of real-world residential wood combustion plumes. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:710–719.
Lindberg J, Wurth M, Frank BP, Tang S, LaDuke G, Trojanowski R, Butcher T, Mahajan D. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 3: Optical properties of black and brown carbon emissions, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; 72(7):777–790.
Maenhaut W, Vermeylen R, Claeys M, Vercauteren J, Matheeussen C, et al. Assessment of the contribution from wood burning to the PM10 aerosol in Flanders, Belgium. Science of the Total Environment. 2012; 437:226-236.
Martinsson J, Eriksson AC, Nielsen IE, Malmborg VB, Ahlberg E, et al. Impacts of combustion conditions and photochemical processing on the light absorption of biomass combustion aerosol. Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49:14663−14671.
McGill University. Air pollution: The silent killer called PM2.5. [Press release.] 2021, March 11.
Meissner K, Alexander K. Mass extinctions and climate change: why the speed of rising greenhouse gases matters. The Conversation. 2016.
Mohr C, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Zotter P, Prevot A, Xu L, et al. Contribution of nitrated phenols to wood burning brown carbon light absorption in Detling, United Kingdom during winter time. Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47(12):6316.
Montaigne F. Why keeping mature forests intact is key to the climate fight: interview with William Moomaw. Yale Environment 360. 2019, Oct 15.
Moomaw W. The EPA says burning wood to generate power is ‘carbon-neutral.’ Is that true? The Conversation. 2018, May 8.
Olivares G, Ström J, Johansson C, Gidhagen L. Estimates of black carbon and size-resolved particle number emission factors from residential wood burning based on ambient monitoring and model simulations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2008; 58(6):838-848.
Press-Kristensen K, Tolotto M. Where there’s fire, there’s smoke: Emissions from domestic heating with wood. European Environmental Bureau and Green Transition Denmark. 2021.
Rau J. Composition and size distribution of residential wood smoke particles. Aerosol Science and Technology. 1989; 10(1):181–192.
Rehman IH, Ahmed T, Praveen PS, Kar A, Ramanathan V. Black carbon emissions from biomass and fossil fuels in rural India. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2011; 11:7289–7299.
Robinson D. Australian wood heaters currently increase global warming and health costs. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2011; 2(3):267–274.
Samburova V, Connolly J, Gyawall M, Yatavelli RL, Watts AC, Chakrabarty RK, Zielinska B, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biomass-burning emissions and their contribution to light absorption and aerosol toxicity. Science of the Total Environment. 2016; 568:391–401.
Savolahti M, Karvosenoja N, Soimakallio S, Kupiainen K, Tissari J, Paunu VV. Near-term climate impacts of Finnish residential wood combustion. Energy Policy. 2019; 133:110837.
Simmons M. B.C. gives Pacific BioEnergy green light to log rare inland rainforest for wood pellets. The Narwhal. 2020, Oct 9.
Smołka-Danielowska D, Jabłońska M. Chemical and mineral composition of ashes from wood biomass combustion in domestic wood-fired furnaces. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2022; 19:5359–5372.
Sterman JE, Moomaw W, Rooney-Varga JN, Siegel L. Does wood bioenergy help or harm the climate? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 2022; (78)3:128-138.
Sterman JE, Siegel L, Rooney-Varga JN. Does replacing coal with wood lower CO2 emissions? Dynamic lifecycle analysis of wood bioenergy. Environmental Research Letters. 2018; 13:015007.
Turóczi B, Hoffer A, Tóth Á, Kováts N, Ács A, Ferincz Á, Kovács A, Gelencsér A. Comparative assessment of ecotoxicity of urban aerosol. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2012; 12:7365–7370.
US EPA. Report to congress on black carbon (PDF). 2010.
Venkataraman C, Habib G, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Miguel A, Friedlander S. Residential biofuels in South Asia: carbonaceous aerosol emissions and climate impacts. Science. 2005; 307(5714):1454–1456.
World Health Organization. Policy Brief: Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs). 2022.
Zhang Y, Albinet A, Petit JE, Jacob V, Chevrier F, Gille G, Pontet S, Chrétien E, Dominik-Sègue M, Levigoureux G, Močnik G, Gros V, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O. Substantial brown carbon emissions from wintertime residential wood burning over France. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 743:140752
See also references for Toxins and Wood Smoke Is PM.
Citizen science air monitoring
Byrne R, Ryan K, Venables DS, Wenger JC, Hellebust S. Highly local sources and large spatial variations in PM2.5 across a city: evidence from a city-wide sensor network in Cork, Ireland. Environmental Science: Atmospheres. 2023, April 19.
McLaughlin T, Kearney L, Sanicola L. Special Report: U.S. air monitors routinely miss pollution—even refinery explosions. Reuters. 2020, Dec 1.
Nair P. Don’t like how your government tracks air pollution? Do it yourself. Ensia, Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota. 2017, June 29.
Peters A. How this small sensor startup became essential to helping California deal with toxic wildfire smoke. Fast Company. 2020, Aug 27.
PurpleAir laser particle counters and air quality monitoring network.
Robinson DL. Accurate, low cost PM2.5 measurements demonstrate the large spatial variation in wood smoke pollution in regional Australia and improve modeling and estimates of health costs. 2020; Atmosphere, 11(8):856.
Robinson DL, Goodman N, Vardoulakis S. Five years of accurate PM2.5 measurements demonstrate the value of low-cost PurpleAir monitors in areas affected by woodsmoke. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(23):7127.
South Coast Air Quality Management District. Community in Action: A Comprehensive Educational Toolkit on Air Quality Sensors. 2021.
Organizations, blogs, misc.
Asthma Australia has information on wood heaters and asthma.
Australian Air Quality Group’s Clean Air, Better Health site has information about wood heater pollution in Australia and beyond.
Breathe Clean Air Comox Valley is a wood smoke pollution advocacy group in British Columbia’s Comox Valley.
Burning Issues was one of the first websites about wood smoke pollution.
Clean Air Canberra is a wood smoke pollution advocacy group in the Australian Capital Territory.
Clean Air in London is a London-focused air quality campaign organization that, among other issues, raises awareness of the “cosy world of the wood stove industry” with UK regulators.
Communities for Clean Air Network is a wood smoke pollution-centered air quality advocacy group in Australia.
Families for Clean Air is a long-running wood smoke pollution advocacy nonprofit based in the San Francisco Bay Area in California.
Green Global Future, based in Denmark, issued a report about Pollution from Residential Wood Burning (PDF).
Hudson Valley Air Quality Coalition (HVAQ) is a community air quality advocacy group with a core emphasis on raising awareness about wood smoke pollution.
London Wood Burning Project is a public health awareness campaign run by several London boroughs.
Mums for Lungs is a London-based network of parents and others throughout the UK who advocate for clean air. Wood burning is one of their core campaign areas.
The Office of the Commissioner for Sustainability and the Environment in the Australian Capital Territory investigated Wood heaters in the ACT.
Only Clean Air: Helping to End Wood Smoke Pollution is a Canadian blog.
Partnership for Policy Integrity has information on biomass energy.
Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment (UPHE) has information on wood smoke pollution, including a 2015 report on the health consequences of wood smoke.